Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
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Original Article

Volume 16, Number 7-8, August 2024, pages 355-362


Renin-Angiotensin System Genes Polymorphisms in Patients With COVID-19 and Its Relation to Severe Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Tables

Table 1. Main Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients With COVID-19
 
Total group (n = 100)Severe course (n = 44)Moderate course (n = 56)Р value
P values for the group of severe vs. moderate COVID-19. CHD: coronary heart disease; CHF: chronic heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computed tomography; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HR: heart rate; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; RR: respiratory rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SpO2: average value of oxygen saturation measured with a pulse oximeter; TG: triglycerides.
Age, years58.5 (50.5 - 69.0)59.5 (49.5 - 70.0)56.5 (51.5 - 68.0)0.409
Male gender, n (%)49 (49)21 (47.7)28 (50)0.778
Smoking, n (%)13 (13)5 (11.4)8 (14.3)0.522
SBP, mm Hg125 (120 - 134)129.5 (120 - 134.5)125 (120 - 132)0.661
DBP, mm Hg80 (74 - 84)80 (74.5 - 85)80 (75 - 84)0.883
HR, beats/min80 (75 - 88.5)84 (78.5 - 90.0)80.0 (74.0 - 88.0)0.154
BMI, kg/m228.74 (24.84 - 32.49)30.04 (26.22 - 32.87)27.66 (24.64 - 31.62)0.129
RR, /min22 (21 - 23.5)23 (22 - 24)22 (21 - 22)0.0004
SpO2, %94 (92 - 96)92 (91 - 93)96 (95 - 97)< 0.0001
Glucose, mmol/L6.11 (5.69 - 6.7)6.22 (5.81 - 7.05)6.07 (5.55 - 6.48)0.105
TG, mmol/L1.62 (1.15 - 2.22)1.71 (1.21 - 2.53)1.61 (1.11 - 2.09)0.316
LDL-C, mmol/L2.94 (2.37 - 3.84)2.80 (2.19 - 3.87)3.03 (2.57 - 3.70)0.282
GFR, mL/min/1.73 m275.8 (64.5 - 84.6)78.4 (62.95 - 86.1)73.6 (65.0 - 82.5)0.483
CRP, mg/L19.8 (7.0 - 50.55)32,6 (19.1 - 80.8)11.7 (4.9 - 29.6)< 0.0001
Ferritin, µg/L363.0 (7.0 - 50.55)468.5 (271.0 - 894.5)268.0 (148.0 - 492.0)0.0004
D-dimer, mg/L0.4 (0.29 - 0.62)0.46 (0.29 - 0.74)0.36 (0.29 - 0.56)0.148
CT-grade pulmonary injury, %25 (15 - 35)30 (25 - 45)20 (15 - 30)0.0001
Concomitant diseases, n (%)
  Hypertension69 (69)30 (68.2)39 (69.6)0.760
  Dyslipidemia49 (49)24 (54.6)25 (44.6)0.158
  Obesity43 (43)21 (47.7)22 (39.3)0.200
  Diabetes4 (4)2 (4.5)2 (3.6)0.734
  CHD12 (12)6 (13.6)6 (10.7)0.522
  CKD (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)16 (16)9 (20.5)7 (12.6)0.133
  CHF11 (11)4 (9.1)7 (12.5)0.367

 

Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Genotypes and Alleles of Studied Polymorphisms in Patients With Severe and Moderate COVID-19
 
Severe (N = 44)Moderate (N = 56)χ2 value and P value
ACE1: angiotensin-converting enzyme type 1; AGT: angiotensinogen; HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
AGT rs4762Genotypes, %C/C72.878.62.246
0.325
C/Т22.719.6
Т/Т4.51.8
Alleles, %C84.1588.40.374
0.415
Т15.8511.6
HWE, P0.2770.544
ACE1 rs1799752Genotypes, %I/I11.47.11.259
0.533
I/D15.914.3
D/D72.778.6
Alleles, %I19.3514.250.581
0.341
D80.6585.75
HWE, P0.0040.008
AGTR1 rs5186Genotypes, %A/A52.369.69.341
0.009
A/C36.426.8
C/C11.43.6
Alleles, %A70.483.04.705
0.031
C29.617.0
HWE, P0.4680.642
AGTR2 rs1403543
males
Alleles, %G47.657.72.007
0.157
A52.442.3
HWE, P0.0000.000
AGTR2 rs1403543
females
Genotypes, %G/G26.123.310.570
0.006
G/A56.540.0
A/A17.436.7
Alleles, %G54.3543.32.654
0.104
A45.6556.7
HWE, P0.5720.454

 

Table 3. Haplotype Analysis Performed on ACE1 rs1799752, AGTR1 rs5186, and AGTR2 rs1403543 SNPs and Their Corresponding Frequencies in Moderate (N = 56) and Severe (N = 44) COVID-19
 
HaplotypesFrequenciesP value
rs1799752rs5186rs1403543TotalModerateSevere
ACE1: angiotensin-converting enzyme type 1; AGT: angiotensinogen; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms.
DAA0.27127480.31908800.20548290.0750527
IAG0.03471940.04179220.02556440.6474502
DAG0.39100260.40579260.37536910.7787819
IAA0.07800320.06368430.09812900.5735669
DCA0.10344460.09770410.11553610.4660593
ICA0.04727740.02845210.06948840.2323572
DCG0.06927800.03455800.11043010.0495588
ICG0.00500000.0089286NANA