Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 9, September 2024, pages 423-435

Age-Specific Approach to Arterial Stiffness Prediction in Apparently Healthy Patients

Figures

↓  Figure 1. Age distribution of patients with elevated CAVI. CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.
Figure 1.
↓  Figure 2. Correlation matrix between vascular stiffness markers, risk factors, clinical and biochemical measurements in patients < 50 years of age. HTN: hypertension; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LAP: lipid accumulation product; VAI: visceral adiposity index; BFP: body fat percentage.
Figure 2.
↓  Figure 3. Correlation matrix between vascular stiffness markers, risk factors, clinical and biochemical measurements in patients ≥ 50 years. HTN: hypertension; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LAP: lipid accumulation product; VAI: visceral adiposity index; BFP: body fat percentage.
Figure 3.
↓  Figure 4. Significance of CAVIAge model components for detecting high arterial stiffness (Random Forest estimation) in the < 50 years group. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; GFR (EPI): glomerular filtration rate (calculated by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation); LAP: lipid accumulation product index; VAI: visceral adiposity index.
Figure 4.
↓  Figure 5. Significance of the CAVI≥ 9 model components for detecting high arterial stiffness (Random Forest estimation) in the < 50 years group. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; GFR (EPI): glomerular filtration rate (calculated by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation); LAP: lipid accumulation product index; VAI: visceral adiposity index.
Figure 5.
↓  Figure 6. Significance of CAVIAge model components for detecting high arterial stiffness (Random Forest estimation) in the ≥ 50 years group. SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance.
Figure 6.
↓  Figure 7. Significance of CAVI≥ 9 model components for detecting high arterial stiffness (Random Forest estimation) in the ≥ 50 years group. SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance.
Figure 7.
↓  Figure 8. ROC curves for the logistic regression model determining arterial stiffness using CAVIAge in the < 50 years group. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
Figure 8.
↓  Figure 9. ROC curves for the logistic regression model determining arterial stiffness using CAVI≥ 9 in the < 50 years group. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
Figure 9.
↓  Figure 10. ROC curves for the logistic regression model determining arterial stiffness using CAVIAge in the ≥ 50 years group. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
Figure 10.
↓  Figure 11. ROC curves for the logistic regression model determining arterial stiffness using CAVI≥ 9 in the ≥ 50 years group. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
Figure 11.
↓  Figure 12. Algorithm for choosing CAVI reference values in apparently healthy adults. CAVIAge: age-specific cardio-ankle vascular index reference values; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.
Figure 12.

Table

↓  Table 1. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Participants
 
Parameter All (n = 600) Age < 50 (n = 378) Age ≥ 50 (n = 222) P value for age, < 50 vs. ≥ 50
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LAP: lipid accumulation product; VAI: visceral adiposity index; BFP: body fat percentage; CAVIAge: patients with high arterial stiffness formed according to age-specific cardio-ankle vascular index reference values; CAVI≥ 9: patients with high arterial stiffness formed according to universal cardio-ankle vascular index reference values.
Age, years 39.8 ± 18.3 28.78 ± 10.4 60.9 ± 7.5 < 0.001
Men, % 43.17 42.28 40.09 0.88
Weight, kg 77.09 ± 19.14 72.9 ± 19.2 85.4 ± 16.4 0.02
BMI, kg/m2 29.29 ± 7.3 28.87 ± 8.7 29.98 ± 5.2 0.85
WC, cm 80.79 ± 15.51 78.55 ± 14.01 91.9 ± 17.2 0.022
Hypertension, % 32.67 11.94 66.67 0.001
SBP, mm Hg 128.4 ± 15.33 125.8 ± 12.87 132.9 ± 17.6 < 0.001
DBP, mm Hg 79.19 ± 9.32 78.08 ± 8.58 81.5 ± 10.2 0.032
TC, mmol/L 4.8 ± 1.20 4.49 ± 0.89 5.47 ± 1.45 < 0.001
LDL, mmol/L 2.85 ± 1.26 2.46 ± 1.01 3.64 ± 1.28 <0.001
HDL, mmol/L 1.37 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.45 1.29 ± 0.42 0.08
TG, mmol/L 1.82 ± 1.18 1.8 ± 1.15 1.9 ± 1.16 0.28
Glucose, mmol/L 5.30 ± 1.89 4.85 ± 1.1 6.2 ± 2.78 < 0.001
Creatinine, µmol/L 84.13 ± 18.06 79.86 ± 14.95 92.03 ± 20.45 < 0.001
GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 97.5 ± 22.87 97.6 ± 18.56 68.1 ± 16.5 < 0.001
LAP 41.28 ± 34.2 34.87 ± 34.1 54.1 ± 31.2 < 0.001
VAI 1.99 ± 1.13 1.8 ± 1.05 2.3 ± 1.16 0.002
BFP 34.38 ± 8.6 31.3 ± 10.4 40.3 ± 8.3 < 0.001
High CAVIAge, % 29.7 19.04 47.7 < 0.001
High CAVI≥ 9, % 16.3 3.97 37.4 < 0.001