Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 10, October 2024, pages 483-490

Assessing the Impact of Serum Calcium, 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D, Ferritin, and Uric Acid Levels on Colorectal Cancer Risk

Tables

↓  Table 1. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Habits by CRC and Control (N = 1,300)
 
Variables CRC (n = 650), n (%) Control (n = 650), n (%) OR (95% CI) P value
CRC: colorectal cancer; BMI: body mass index; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Age groups (in years)
  < 55 258 (39.7) 105 (16.2) 1.41 (2.63 - 4.43) 0.001
  > 55 392 (62.3) 545 (63.8) 1.0
Gender
  Male 341 (52.5) 340 (52.3) 1.06 (0.81 - 1.23) 0.956
  Female 309 (47.5) 310 (47.7) 1
BMI (kg/m2)
  Normal (< 25 kg/m2) 158 (25.8) 192 (29.5) 1
  Overweight (29 - 30 kg/m2) 266 (40.9) 288 (44.3) 1.06 (0.81 - 1.38) 0.690
  Obese (> 30 kg/m2) 216 (33.2) 170 (26.2) 1.45 (1.09 - 1.94) 0.011
Tomography (last 6 months)
  Yes 524 (89.6) 168 (26) 5.13 (4.36 - 6.02) 0.001
  No 126 (9.4) 472 (74) 1.0
PET/CT (last 6 months)
  Yes 190 (29.2) 50 (7.7) 1.82 (1.66 - 2.00) 0.001
  No 460 (70.8) 600 (92.3) 1.0
Colonoscopy (last 6 months)
  Yes 623 (95.8) 113 (17.4) 17.68 (12.22 - 25.58) 0.001
  No 27 (4.2) 537 (82.6) 1.0
CRC awareness
  Yes 537 (82.6) 163 (25.1) 4.07 (3.43 - 4.83) 0.001
  No 113 (17.4) 487 (74.9) 1.0
Risk factor of colon cancer
  Genetic factors
    Yes 137 (21.1) 54 (8.3) 1.55 (1.39 - 1.73) 0.001
    No 513 (78.9) 590 (91.7) 1.0
  Exposure to chemicals
    Yes 62 (9.5) 27 (4.2) 1.43 (1.23 - 1.66) 0.001
    No 588 (90.5) 623 (95.8) 1.0
  Malnutrition
    Yes 125 (19.2) 78 (12.0) 1.74 (1.28 - 2.37) 0.001
    No 525 (80.8) 572 (88.0) 1.0
  Smoking
    Yes 120 (18.5) 60 (9.2) 2.22 (1.59 - 3.10) 0.001
    No 530 (81.5) 590 (90.8) 1.0
  Hookah/nargileh use
    Yes 75 (11.5) 40 (6.2) 1.98 (1.35 - 2.96) 0.001
    No 575 (88.5) 610 (93.8) 1.0
  Alcohol use
    Yes 85 (13.1) 60 (9.2) 1.42 (1.10 - 2.01) 0.001
    No 565 (86.9) 590 (90.8) 1.0
  Intestinal inflammations
    Yes 207 (31.8) 82 (12.6) 3.23 (2.43 - 4.30) 0.001
    No 443 (68.2) 568 (87.4) 1.0
  Obesity
    Yes 109 (16.8) 64 (9.8) 1.84 (1.32 - 2.56) 0.001
    No 541 (83.2) 586 (90.2) 1.0
  Processed foods
    Yes 145 (22.3) 84 (12.9) 1.93 (1.44 - 2.59) 0.001
    No 505 (77.7) 566 (887.1) 1.0

 

↓  Table 2. Comparison of CRC Developing Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms With Controls (N = 1,300)
 
Variables CRC (n = 650), n (%) Control (n = 650), n (%) OR (95% CI) P value
CRC: colorectal cancer; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Pain in abdomen
  Yes 162 (24.9) 79 (10.3) 2.39 (1.78 - 3.22) 0.001
  No 488 (75.1) 571 (87.7) 1.0
Cramp in abdomen
  Yes 151 (23.2) 94 (14.5) 1.79 (1.34 - 2.37) 0.001
  No 499 (76.8) 556 (84.5) 1.0
Diarrhea
  Yes 160 (24.6) 114 (17.5 1.53 (1.17 - 2.10) 0.001
  No 490 (75.4) 536 (82.5) 1.0
Constipation
  Yes 184 (28.3) 67 (10.3) 3.43 (2.53 - 4.66) 0.001
  No 466 (71.7) 583 (89.7) 1.0
Blood in the stool
  Yes 128 (19.7) 75 (11.5) 1.88 (1.38 - 2.58) 0.0011
  No 522 (80.3) 575 (88.5) 1.0
Bloating (flatulence)
  Yes 172 (26.5) 112 (17.2) 1.72 (1.32 - 2.26) 0.001
  No 478 77.5) 538 (88.8) 1.0
Irritable bowel
  Yes 122 (18.8) 62 (9.5) 2.19 (1.57 - 3.04) 0.001
  No 578 (81.2) 587 (90.5) 1.0
Nausea/vomiting
  Yes 154 (23.7) 81 (12.5) 12.18 (1.62 - 2.92) 0.001
  No 496 (76.3) 569 (87.5) 1.0
Anemia
  Yes 146 (22.5) 99 (15.2) 1.61(1.21 - 2.13) 0.001
  No 504 (77.5) 5517 (84.8) 1.0
Stress
  Yes 148 (22.8) 61 (9.4) 2.84(2.06 - 3.92) 0.001
  No 502 (77.2) 589 (90.6) 1.0
Feeling fatigue weakness
  Yes 170 (26.2) 110 (16.9) 1.73 (1.32 - 2.27) 0.001
  No 488 (73.8) 540 (83.1) 1.0
Weight loss
  Yes 125 (19.2) 61 (9.4) 2.29 (1.65 - 3.9) 0.002
  No 525 (80.8) 589 (90.6) 1.0
Physical exercise
  Yes 143 (22.0) 189 (29.1) 1.20 (1.07 - 1.34) 0.003
  No 507 (78.0) 461 (70.9) 1.0

 

↓  Table 3. Clinical Biochemistry Baseline Value Among CRC and Control Subjects (N = 1,300)
 
Variables CRC (n = 650), mean ± SD Control (n = 650), mean ± SD P value
CRC: colorectal cancer; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 12.76 ± 0.78 13.00 ± 1.06 0.001
HbA1c (%) 6.37 ± 0.64 6.14 ± 0.46 0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) 6.53 ± 0.78 6.32 ± 0.54 0.001
Vitamin D (mmol/L) 16.03 ± 7.21 21.35 ± 8.07 0.009
Neutrophil level (× 109/L) 6.33 ± 0.24 5.66 ± 0.18 0.001
Red blood cell (RBC) (× 1012/L) 4.18 ± 0.49 4.386 ± 0.46 0.001
White blood cell (WBC) (× 109/L) 7,723.7 ± 1,502 8,344.9 ± 2,049 0.001
Lymphocyte (× 103/µL) 1.62 ± 0.93 2.06 ± 0.83 0.038
Platelet (/mm3) 222.1 ± 93.6 207 ± 102 0.001
Hematocrit (%) 34.70 ± 6.54 37.1 ± 5.61 < 0.001
Aspartate transaminase (U/L) 26.10 ± 13.0 25.8 ± 11.3 0.644
Alanine transaminase (U/L) 21.00 ± 0.93 20.4 ± 7.4 0.470
Potassium (mEq/L) 3.72 ± 0.91 4.46 ± 0.76 0.001
Na (mEq/L) 133.6 ± 4.59 136.1 ± 4.89 0.001
Calcium (mg/dL) 5.19 ± 0.50 3.59 ± 0.45 0.001
Creatinine(mmol/µL) 57.45 ± 16.90 70.4 ± 26.5 0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L) 3.740 ± 0.43 6.04 ± 0.77 0.011
HDL (mmol/L) 1.39 ± 0.14 3.55 ± 0.58 0.001
LDL (mmol/L) 2.78 ± 0.64 5.02 ± 0.43 0.001
Bilirubin (µmol/L) 6.19 ± 2.09 10.71 ± 3.16 0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L) 2.59 ± 0.38 1.75 ± 0.49 0.058
Uric acid (mg/L) 4.32 ± 0.49 4.18 ± 0.52 0.001
Fe (µg/L) 66.7 ± 20.51 71.3 ± 24.9 0.001
Ferritin (µg/L) 82.1 ± 15.44 99.2 ± 14.38 0.001
C-reactive protein (CRP) (µg/L) 0.79 ± 0.08 0.92 ± 0.09 0.001
Total protein (µg/L) 6.37 ± 0.89 6.16 ± 0.818 0.027
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 128.82 ± 12.48 125.53 ± 12.00 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 79.29 ± 10.82 77.64 ± 9.81 0.002

 

↓  Table 4. The Predictor Risk of CRC Using Multivariate Stepwise Regression Analysis (N = 1,300)
 
Independent variables Regression coefficients Standard error Wald value P value Exp (B) 95% CI
CRC: colorectal cancer; CI: confidence interval.
Intestinal inflammation 1.064 0.228 21.704 0.001 2.897 1.852 - 4.532
Nausea/vomiting 0.896 0.247 13.210 0.001 2.451 1.511 - 3.974
Stomach pain 0.766 0.256 8.961 0.003 2.151 1.303 - 3.553
Nargileh/hookah use 0.564 0.267 4.478 0.034 1.758 1.042 - 2.964
Uric acids 0.556 0.112 24.387 0.001 1.740 1.397 - 2.168
Bilirubin 0.530 0.035 234.430 0.001 1.699 1.587 - 1,818
Cigarette smoke 0.487 0.228 4.571 0.033 1.628 1.041 - 2.545
Processed foods 0.420 0.139 9,148 0.002 1.521 1.159 - 1.997
Calcium 0.404 0.185 4.746 0.029 1.497 1.041 - 2.153
Vitamin D deficiency 0.080 0.012 45.177 0.001 1.083 1.058 - 1,109
Ferritin 0.150 0.050 10.423 0.001 1.015 1.006 - 1.024