J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 1, January 2025, pages 14-21

Predicting Extended Intensive Care Unit Stay Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Its Impact on Hospitalization and Mortality

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Included Patients
	Total (1,395)	ICU > 2 days (313)	ICU < 2 days (1,082)	P value
^aStudent’s t-test. ICU: intensive care unit; BMI: body mass index.
Age, years	59.3 (9.98)	61.5 (10.4)	58.7 (9.77)	< 0.001^a
≥ 70 years, n	222 (15.9%)	71 (22.7%)	151 (14.0%)	< 0.001
Sex
Male, n	1,081 (77.5%)	249 (79.6%)	832 (76.9%)	0.321
BMI, kg/m²	26.4 (4.90)	26.7 (4.34)	26.3 (5.05)	0.158^a
Underweight, n	46	5 (31.6%)	41 (3.8%)	0.056
Healthy weight, n	495	99 (31.6%)	396 (36.6%)	0.106
Overweight but not obese, n	581	144 (46.0%)	437 (40.4%)	0.076
Obese class I, n	186	46 (14.7%)	140 (12.9%)	0.421
Obese class II, n	52	12 (3.8%)	40 (3.7%)	0.910
Obese class III, n	9	1 (0.3%)	8 (0.7%)	0.414

Table 1. Characteristics of Included Patients

Total (1,395)

ICU > 2 days (313)

ICU < 2 days (1,082)

P value

^aStudent’s t-test. ICU: intensive care unit; BMI: body mass index.

Age, years

59.3 (9.98)

61.5 (10.4)

58.7 (9.77)

< 0.001^a

≥ 70 years, n

222 (15.9%)

71 (22.7%)

151 (14.0%)

< 0.001

Sex

Male, n

1,081 (77.5%)

249 (79.6%)

832 (76.9%)

0.321

BMI, kg/m²

26.4 (4.90)

26.7 (4.34)

26.3 (5.05)

0.158^a

Underweight, n

5 (31.6%)

41 (3.8%)

0.056

Healthy weight, n

495

99 (31.6%)

396 (36.6%)

0.106

Overweight but not obese, n

581

144 (46.0%)

437 (40.4%)

0.076

Obese class I, n

186

46 (14.7%)

140 (12.9%)

0.421

Obese class II, n

12 (3.8%)

40 (3.7%)

0.910

Obese class III, n

1 (0.3%)

8 (0.7%)

0.414

**Table 2.** Medical History of Included Patients
	Total (1,395)	ICU > 2 days (313)	ICU < 2 days (1,082)	P value
ICU: intensive care unit; MI: myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; TIA: transient ischemic attack; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; PVD: peripheral vascular disease.
Recent MI (< 30 days)	284 (20.4%)	94 (30.0%)	190 (17.6%)	< 0.001
Smoking	796 (57.1%)	199 (63.6%)	597 (55.2%)	0.008
COPD/asthma	176 (12.6%)	55 (17.6%)	121 (11.2%)	0.003
Hypertension	930 (66.7%)	212 (67.7%)	718 (66.4%)	0.650
Hyperlipidemia	766 (54.9%)	171 (54.6%)	595 (55.0%)	0.911
Diabetes mellitus	744 (53.3%)	167 (53.4%)	577 (53.3%)	0.993
Family history of CAD	564 (40.4%)	138 (44.1%)	426 (39.4%)	0.134
Previous (stroke/TIA)	120 (8.6%)	29 (9.3%)	91 (8.4%)	0.635
NYHA III, IV	289 (20.7%)	70 (22.4%)	219 (20.2%)	0.414
PVD	213 (15.3%)	57 (18.2%)	156 (14.4%)	0.100
Preoperative atrial fibrillation	67 (4.8%)	27 (8.6%)	40 (3.7%)	< 0.001
Preoperative renal impairment	101 (7.2%)	35 (11.2%)	66 (6.1%)	0.002
Clopidogrel	121 (8.7%)	33 (10.5%)	88 (8.1%)	0.182
B-blockers	645 (46.2%)	144 (46.0%)	501 (46.3%)	0.926
ACE inhibitors	626 (44.9%)	142 (45.4%)	484 (44.7%)	0.842
Statins	654 (46.9%)	146 (46.6%)	508 (47.0%)	0.924

Table 2. Medical History of Included Patients

Total (1,395)

ICU > 2 days (313)

ICU < 2 days (1,082)

P value

ICU: intensive care unit; MI: myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; TIA: transient ischemic attack; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; PVD: peripheral vascular disease.

Recent MI (< 30 days)

284 (20.4%)

94 (30.0%)

190 (17.6%)

< 0.001

Smoking

796 (57.1%)

199 (63.6%)

597 (55.2%)

0.008

COPD/asthma

176 (12.6%)

55 (17.6%)

121 (11.2%)

0.003

Hypertension

930 (66.7%)

212 (67.7%)

718 (66.4%)

0.650

Hyperlipidemia

766 (54.9%)

171 (54.6%)

595 (55.0%)

0.911

Diabetes mellitus

744 (53.3%)

167 (53.4%)

577 (53.3%)

0.993

Family history of CAD

564 (40.4%)

138 (44.1%)

426 (39.4%)

0.134

Previous (stroke/TIA)

120 (8.6%)

29 (9.3%)

91 (8.4%)

0.635

NYHA III, IV

289 (20.7%)

70 (22.4%)

219 (20.2%)

0.414

PVD

213 (15.3%)

57 (18.2%)

156 (14.4%)

0.100

Preoperative atrial fibrillation

67 (4.8%)

27 (8.6%)

40 (3.7%)

< 0.001

Preoperative renal impairment

101 (7.2%)

35 (11.2%)

66 (6.1%)

0.002

Clopidogrel

121 (8.7%)

33 (10.5%)

88 (8.1%)

0.182

B-blockers

645 (46.2%)

144 (46.0%)

501 (46.3%)

0.926

ACE inhibitors

626 (44.9%)

142 (45.4%)

484 (44.7%)

0.842

Statins

654 (46.9%)

146 (46.6%)

508 (47.0%)

0.924

**Table 3.** Risk Factors for Prolonged ICU Stay
Predictor	Odds ratio	Lower	Upper	P
CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; EF: ejection fraction; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; MR: mitral regurgitation; ICU: intensive care unit; BMI: body mass index; LM: left main (coronary artery).
MR grade 1-2	1.10	0.831	1.468	0.492
LM > 70%	0.71	0.479	1.077	0.11
EF > 50%	References	-	-	-
EF 40-49%	0.93	0.751	1.366	0.934
EF 30-39%	0.22	0.521	1.162	0.220
EF < 30%	0.07	0.945	4.049	0.071
Preoperative coronary stents	1.69	1.108	2.579	0.015
Preoperative IABP	2.49	0.786	7.91	0.121
Emergency/urgent	2.19	1.602	3.003	< 0.001
CPB time (> 120 min)	0.98	0.723	1.34	0.92
Aorta cross clamp (> 90 min)	0.91	0.573	1.463	0.712
Exploration for postoperative bleeding	1.73	1.084	2.775	0.022
Prolonged vasopressor support	5.92	3.797	9.239	< 0.001
Postoperative renal impairment	6.78	4.486	10.261	< 0.001
Pneumonia/sepsis	8.91	4.486	16.004	< 0.001
BMI	1.01	0.993	1.043	0.161
Age	1.03	1.017	1.045	< 0.001
Intraoperative blood transfusion	1.57	1.22	2.038	< 0.001

Table 3. Risk Factors for Prolonged ICU Stay

Predictor

Odds ratio

Lower

Upper

CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; EF: ejection fraction; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; MR: mitral regurgitation; ICU: intensive care unit; BMI: body mass index; LM: left main (coronary artery).

MR grade 1-2

1.10

0.831

1.468

0.492

LM > 70%

0.71

0.479

1.077

0.11

EF > 50%

References

EF 40-49%

0.93

0.751

1.366

0.934

EF 30-39%

0.22

0.521

1.162

0.220

EF < 30%

0.07

0.945

4.049

0.071

Preoperative coronary stents

1.69

1.108

2.579

0.015

Preoperative IABP

2.49

0.786

7.91

0.121

Emergency/urgent

2.19

1.602

3.003

< 0.001

CPB time (> 120 min)

0.98

0.723

1.34

0.92

Aorta cross clamp (> 90 min)

0.91

0.573

1.463

0.712

Exploration for postoperative bleeding

1.73

1.084

2.775

0.022

Prolonged vasopressor support

5.92

3.797

9.239

< 0.001

Postoperative renal impairment

6.78

4.486

10.261

< 0.001

Pneumonia/sepsis

8.91

4.486

16.004

< 0.001

BMI

1.01

0.993

1.043

0.161

Age

1.03

1.017

1.045

< 0.001

Intraoperative blood transfusion

1.57

1.22

2.038

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Effect of Prolonged ICU Stay on Complications
	Odds ratio	Lower	Upper	P
ICU: intensive care unit; TIA: transient ischemic attack.
Postoperative stroke/TIA	3.27	1.48047	7.2594	0.003
Sternal infection	1.003	0.682	1.475	0.987
Pneumonia/sepsis	8.91	4.96822	16.0040	< 0.001
Mortality	3.08	1.9605	4.8681	< 0.001

Table 4. Effect of Prolonged ICU Stay on Complications

Odds ratio

Lower

Upper

ICU: intensive care unit; TIA: transient ischemic attack.

Postoperative stroke/TIA

3.27

1.48047

7.2594

0.003

Sternal infection

1.003

0.682

1.475

0.987

Pneumonia/sepsis

8.91

4.96822

16.0040

< 0.001

Mortality

3.08

1.9605

4.8681

< 0.001