J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 2, February 2025, pages 97-105

Ischemic Preconditioning Negatively Affects Thrombogenic Clotting Profile in Cerebral Small Vessel Occlusion Stroke Patients

Figure 1. (a) Change in baseline diameter, (b) peak diameter and (c) flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery with a 2-week period of daily IPC or a control period in cerebral small vessel occlusion stroke patients. *Significant difference between control and IPC; P < 0.05. IPC: ischemic preconditioning.

Figure 2. Fractal dimension (d_f) in cerebral small vessel occlusion stroke patients (a) before and after an acute bout of IPC conducted before and after a 2-week period of daily IPC or a 2-week control period and (b) before and after an acute bout of IPC. Data combined from the acute interventions. *Significant difference between control and IPC; P < 0.05. IPC: ischemic preconditioning.

Figure 3. Plasma indicators of thrombogenesis: (a, b) D-dimer, (c, d) PAI-1 and (e, f) fibrinogen, before and after an acute bout of IPC conducted before and after a 2-week period of daily IPC, or a 2-week control period, in cerebral small vessel occlusion stroke patients. *Significant difference between control and IPC; P < 0.05. IPC: ischemic preconditioning.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of 14 Stroke Patients at Baseline
Data are presented as mean ± SD. SD: standard deviation.
Age (years)	70.9 ± 8.4
Male sex (n (%))	11 (78.6%)
Body weight (kg)	80.2 ± 15.8
Body mass index (kg/m²)	25.5 ± 3.5
Cardiovascular risk factors
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.9
Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L)	3.0 ± 0.9
High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L)	1.6 ± 0.5
Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/L)	40.8 ± 12.6
History of stroke and initial therapy
Prior stroke without functionally significant sequelae (n (%))	5 (35.7%)
Intravenous thrombolysis at debut (n (%))	2 (14.3%)
Endovascular thrombectomy at debut (n (%))	0 (0.0%)
History of stroke-associated comorbidities
Hypertension (n (%))	11 (78.6%)
Hypercholesterolemia (n (%))	12 (85.7%)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n (%))	2 (14.3%)

Table 1. Characteristics of 14 Stroke Patients at Baseline

Data are presented as mean ± SD. SD: standard deviation.

Age (years)

70.9 ± 8.4

Male sex (n (%))

11 (78.6%)

Body weight (kg)

80.2 ± 15.8

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.5 ± 3.5

Cardiovascular risk factors

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.9

Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L)

3.0 ± 0.9

High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.5

Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/L)

40.8 ± 12.6

History of stroke and initial therapy

Prior stroke without functionally significant sequelae (n (%))

5 (35.7%)

Intravenous thrombolysis at debut (n (%))

2 (14.3%)

Endovascular thrombectomy at debut (n (%))

0 (0.0%)

History of stroke-associated comorbidities

Hypertension (n (%))

11 (78.6%)

Hypercholesterolemia (n (%))

12 (85.7%)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n (%))

2 (14.3%)

**Table 2.** Full Blood Count Before and After 2 Weeks of IPC Treatment and Control
	IPC	Control
Data are presented as mean ± SD. IPC: ischemic preconditioning; SD: standard deviation.
Thrombocytes (× 10⁹/L)	261 ± 61	249 ± 65	234 ± 47	261 ± 54
Erythrocytes (× 10¹²/L)	4.47 ± 0.42	4.36 ± 0.41	4.28 ± 0.40	4.38 ± 0.49
Hematocrit (%)	41 ± 4	40 ± 3	39 ± 3	40 ± 4
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	8.85 ± 0.83	8.48 ± 0.88	8.28 ± 0.72	8.46 ± 0.81
Leukocytes (× 10⁹/L)	6.62 ± 1.14	6.46 ± 2.02	6.07 ± 1.60	5.94 ± 1.15
Lymphocytes (× 10⁹/L)	1.59 ± 0.44	1.51 ± 0.53	1.35 ± 0.33	1.40 ± 0.29
Monocytes (× 10⁹/L)	0.42 ± 0.12	0.44 ± 0.15	0.40 ± 0.11	0.44 ± 0.10
Neutrophils (× 10⁹/L)	4.22 ± 1.18	4.07 ± 1.69	3.92 ± 1.69	3.67 ± 1.10
Basophils (× 10⁹/L)	0.04 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.04	0.02 ± 0.04
Eosinophils (× 10⁹/L)	0.25 ± 0.17	0.29 ± 0.17	0.26 ± 0.18	0.29 ± 0.24

Table 2. Full Blood Count Before and After 2 Weeks of IPC Treatment and Control

IPC

Control

Before

After

Before

After

Data are presented as mean ± SD. IPC: ischemic preconditioning; SD: standard deviation.

Thrombocytes (× 10⁹/L)

261 ± 61

249 ± 65

234 ± 47

261 ± 54

Erythrocytes (× 10¹²/L)

4.47 ± 0.42

4.36 ± 0.41

4.28 ± 0.40

4.38 ± 0.49

Hematocrit (%)

41 ± 4

40 ± 3

39 ± 3

40 ± 4

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

8.85 ± 0.83

8.48 ± 0.88

8.28 ± 0.72

8.46 ± 0.81

Leukocytes (× 10⁹/L)

6.62 ± 1.14

6.46 ± 2.02

6.07 ± 1.60

5.94 ± 1.15

Lymphocytes (× 10⁹/L)

1.59 ± 0.44

1.51 ± 0.53

1.35 ± 0.33

1.40 ± 0.29

Monocytes (× 10⁹/L)

0.42 ± 0.12

0.44 ± 0.15

0.40 ± 0.11

0.44 ± 0.10

Neutrophils (× 10⁹/L)

4.22 ± 1.18

4.07 ± 1.69

3.92 ± 1.69

3.67 ± 1.10

Basophils (× 10⁹/L)

0.04 ± 0.05

0.03 ± 0.05

0.02 ± 0.04

Eosinophils (× 10⁹/L)

0.25 ± 0.17

0.29 ± 0.17

0.26 ± 0.18

0.29 ± 0.24