Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 2, February 2025, pages 97-105

Ischemic Preconditioning Negatively Affects Thrombogenic Clotting Profile in Cerebral Small Vessel Occlusion Stroke Patients

Figures

↓  Figure 1. (a) Change in baseline diameter, (b) peak diameter and (c) flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery with a 2-week period of daily IPC or a control period in cerebral small vessel occlusion stroke patients. *Significant difference between control and IPC; P < 0.05. IPC: ischemic preconditioning.
Figure 1.
↓  Figure 2. Fractal dimension (df) in cerebral small vessel occlusion stroke patients (a) before and after an acute bout of IPC conducted before and after a 2-week period of daily IPC or a 2-week control period and (b) before and after an acute bout of IPC. Data combined from the acute interventions. *Significant difference between control and IPC; P < 0.05. IPC: ischemic preconditioning.
Figure 2.
↓  Figure 3. Plasma indicators of thrombogenesis: (a, b) D-dimer, (c, d) PAI-1 and (e, f) fibrinogen, before and after an acute bout of IPC conducted before and after a 2-week period of daily IPC, or a 2-week control period, in cerebral small vessel occlusion stroke patients. *Significant difference between control and IPC; P < 0.05. IPC: ischemic preconditioning.
Figure 3.

Tables

↓  Table 1. Characteristics of 14 Stroke Patients at Baseline
 
Data are presented as mean ± SD. SD: standard deviation.
Age (years) 70.9 ± 8.4
Male sex (n (%)) 11 (78.6%)
Body weight (kg) 80.2 ± 15.8
Body mass index (kg/m2) 25.5 ± 3.5
Cardiovascular risk factors
  Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 5.1 ± 0.9
  Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) 3.0 ± 0.9
  High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) 1.6 ± 0.5
  Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/L) 40.8 ± 12.6
History of stroke and initial therapy
  Prior stroke without functionally significant sequelae (n (%)) 5 (35.7%)
  Intravenous thrombolysis at debut (n (%)) 2 (14.3%)
  Endovascular thrombectomy at debut (n (%)) 0 (0.0%)
History of stroke-associated comorbidities
  Hypertension (n (%)) 11 (78.6%)
  Hypercholesterolemia (n (%)) 12 (85.7%)
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n (%)) 2 (14.3%)

 

↓  Table 2. Full Blood Count Before and After 2 Weeks of IPC Treatment and Control
 
IPC Control
Before After Before After
Data are presented as mean ± SD. IPC: ischemic preconditioning; SD: standard deviation.
Thrombocytes (× 109/L) 261 ± 61 249 ± 65 234 ± 47 261 ± 54
Erythrocytes (× 1012/L) 4.47 ± 0.42 4.36 ± 0.41 4.28 ± 0.40 4.38 ± 0.49
Hematocrit (%) 41 ± 4 40 ± 3 39 ± 3 40 ± 4
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 8.85 ± 0.83 8.48 ± 0.88 8.28 ± 0.72 8.46 ± 0.81
Leukocytes (× 109/L) 6.62 ± 1.14 6.46 ± 2.02 6.07 ± 1.60 5.94 ± 1.15
Lymphocytes (× 109/L) 1.59 ± 0.44 1.51 ± 0.53 1.35 ± 0.33 1.40 ± 0.29
Monocytes (× 109/L) 0.42 ± 0.12 0.44 ± 0.15 0.40 ± 0.11 0.44 ± 0.10
Neutrophils (× 109/L) 4.22 ± 1.18 4.07 ± 1.69 3.92 ± 1.69 3.67 ± 1.10
Basophils (× 109/L) 0.04 ± 0.05 0.03 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.04
Eosinophils (× 109/L) 0.25 ± 0.17 0.29 ± 0.17 0.26 ± 0.18 0.29 ± 0.24