J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 11, December 2024, pages 536-546

Downregulation of miR-25-3p and Its Impact on PTAFR and IGF2BP3 Expression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Biomarker Discovery and Disease Pathogenesis

Figure 1. Principal component analysis (PCA) mapping showed the differential miRNA expression between DM and NDM. DM: diabetes mellitus; miRNA: microRNA; NDM: non-diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2. Hierarchical clustering showed the differential miRNA expression between DM and NDM. DM: diabetes mellitus; miRNA: microRNA; NDM: non-diabetes mellitus.

Figure 6. PTAFR and IGF2BP3 upregulated in DM patients. DM: diabetes mellitus; IGF2BP3: insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3; PTAFR: platelet-activating factor receptor.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Patients Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (NDM)
Sample ID	Sex	Age (years)	FBS (mg/dL)	HbA1c (%)
FBS: fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
DM 1	M	33	270	13.8
DM 2	F	72	182	11.9
DM 3	M	83	205	11.7
DM 4	F	41	146	11.7
DM 5	F	40	145	11.3
DM 6	M	40	209	9.8
DM 7	F	62	191	9.8
DM 8	F	66	126	9.8
DM 9	F	62	211	9.2
DM 10	F	49	156	8.6
NDM 11	M	46	95	4.4
NDM 12	F	46	79	4.7
NDM 13	F	33	81	5.3
NDM 14	F	40	84	5.4
NDM 15	F	47	90	5.4
NDM 16	M	43	91	5.4
NDM 17	M	54	82	5.5
NDM 18	M	26	91	5.5
NDM 19	F	59	99	5.5
NDM 20	M	56	80	5.6

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Patients Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (NDM)

Sample ID

Sex

Age (years)

FBS (mg/dL)

HbA1c (%)

FBS: fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

DM 1

270

13.8

DM 2

182

11.9

DM 3

205

11.7

DM 4

146

11.7

DM 5

145

11.3

DM 6

209

9.8

DM 7

191

9.8

DM 8

126

9.8

DM 9

211

9.2

DM 10

156

8.6

NDM 11

4.4

NDM 12

4.7

NDM 13

5.3

NDM 14

5.4

NDM 15

5.4

NDM 16

5.4

NDM 17

5.5

NDM 18

5.5

NDM 19

5.5

NDM 20

5.6

**Table 2.** In-House and Third-Party Resources Are Included in miRTargetLink 2.0 to Select the Potential miRNA Expression Involved in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes
Database	Task	Own/third-party	Type	Version
miRNA: microRNA.
miRTarBase	miRNA target database	Third-party	Database	8.0 (2020)
miRDB	miRNA target database	Third-party	Database	6.0

Table 2. In-House and Third-Party Resources Are Included in miRTargetLink 2.0 to Select the Potential miRNA Expression Involved in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes

Database

Task

Own/third-party

Type

Version

miRNA: microRNA.

miRTarBase

miRNA target database

Third-party

Database

8.0 (2020)

miRDB

miRNA target database

Third-party

Database

6.0

**Table 3.** Ten Downregulated and Six Upregulated miRNAs Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes
No.	miRNA	Glucose metabolism	Platelet reactivity	Insulin resistance
miRNA: microRNA.
Ten downregulated
1.	miR-92a-3p	UGP2	PTAFR	IGF2 INSIG1
2.	miR-140-3p	-	-	-
3.	let-7b-5p	UGCG	PTAFR	IGF2BP1 IGF1R IGF2BP3
4.	miR-25-3p	UGP2	PTAFR	IGF2BP3 INSIG1
5.	miR-425-5p	SOGA1	PAFAH1B1	IGF1R
6.	miR-93-5p	UGCG SOGA1	PAFAH1B2 PDGFRB PAFAH1B1	IGF2BP1
7.	miR-6807-5p	SOGA1	-	-
8.	miR-103a-3p	SOGA1	PAFAH1B2	-
9.	miR-24-3p	UGCG	PAFAH1B2 PDGFRB	INSIG1
10.	miR-210-3p	-	-	IGF2
Six upregulated
1.	miR-4428	SOGA1	-	-
2.	miR-4253	-	PAFAH1B2	-
3.	miR-150-3p	-	PDGFRB PAFAH1B1	-
4.	miR-5100	SOGA1	-	-
5.	miR-939-5p	SOGA1	-	IGF2
6.	miR-6824-5p	-	-	-

Table 3. Ten Downregulated and Six Upregulated miRNAs Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes

No.

miRNA

Glucose metabolism

Platelet reactivity

Insulin resistance

miRNA: microRNA.

Ten downregulated

miR-92a-3p

UGP2

PTAFR

IGF2
INSIG1

miR-140-3p

let-7b-5p

UGCG

PTAFR

IGF2BP1
IGF1R
IGF2BP3

miR-25-3p

UGP2

PTAFR

IGF2BP3
INSIG1

miR-425-5p

SOGA1

PAFAH1B1

IGF1R

miR-93-5p

UGCG
SOGA1

PAFAH1B2
PDGFRB
PAFAH1B1

IGF2BP1

miR-6807-5p

SOGA1

miR-103a-3p

SOGA1

PAFAH1B2

miR-24-3p

UGCG

PAFAH1B2
PDGFRB

INSIG1

10.

miR-210-3p

IGF2

Six upregulated

miR-4428

SOGA1

miR-4253

PAFAH1B2

miR-150-3p

PDGFRB
PAFAH1B1

miR-5100

SOGA1

miR-939-5p

SOGA1

IGF2

miR-6824-5p