J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 1, January 2025, pages 22-34

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Retrospective, Single-Center Experience on the Role of Endoscopy and Outcomes

**Table 1.** Patients’ Sociodemographic Features and Clinical History
Sociodemographic features and clinical history	N (%)
^aMedian age was 54 (interquartile range: 38 - 68 years). N: number; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; %: percentage; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Age, years (mean ± SD)^a	53.9 ± 19.5
Gender
Female	125 (25.9%)
Male	358 (74.1%)
Clinical presentation
Hematemesis	326 (67.5%)
Melena	240 (49.7%)
Hematochezia	21 (4.3%)
Other	40 (8.3%)
Shock (SBP < 90 mm Hg)
No	431 (89.2%)
Yes	52 (10.8%)
History of previous UGIB
No	286 (59.2%)
Yes	197 (40.8%)
Coexisting medical condition
Cancer	13 (2.7%)
Chronic liver disease	283 (58.6%)
Renal disease	39 (8.1%)
Others	210 (43.5%)
Drug history
Anti-platelets	14 (2.9%)
Anticoagulation	24 (5.0%)
Corticosteroids	20 (4.1%)
NSAIDs	40 (8.3%)
SSRI	5 (1.0%)
Others	421 (87.2%)
The time interval between the bleeding episodes and endoscopy
< 24 h	262 (54.2%)
> 48 h	75 (15.5%)
24 - 48 h	146 (30.2%)

Table 1. Patients’ Sociodemographic Features and Clinical History

Sociodemographic features and clinical history

N (%)

^aMedian age was 54 (interquartile range: 38 - 68 years). N: number; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; %: percentage; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Age, years (mean ± SD)^a

53.9 ± 19.5

Gender

Female

125 (25.9%)

Male

358 (74.1%)

Clinical presentation

Hematemesis

326 (67.5%)

Melena

240 (49.7%)

Hematochezia

21 (4.3%)

Other

40 (8.3%)

Shock (SBP < 90 mm Hg)

431 (89.2%)

Yes

52 (10.8%)

History of previous UGIB

286 (59.2%)

Yes

197 (40.8%)

Coexisting medical condition

Cancer

13 (2.7%)

Chronic liver disease

283 (58.6%)

Renal disease

39 (8.1%)

Others

210 (43.5%)

Drug history

Anti-platelets

14 (2.9%)

Anticoagulation

24 (5.0%)

Corticosteroids

20 (4.1%)

NSAIDs

40 (8.3%)

SSRI

5 (1.0%)

Others

421 (87.2%)

The time interval between the bleeding episodes and endoscopy

< 24 h

262 (54.2%)

> 48 h

75 (15.5%)

24 - 48 h

146 (30.2%)

**Table 2.** Endoscopic Observations, Therapy, and Results of the Patients
Endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome	N (%)
APC: argon plasma coagulation; IV: intravenous; N: number; %: percentage; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.
Endoscopy finding
Gastric ulcer	78 (16.1%)
Duodenal ulcer	105 (21.7%)
Esophageal varices	252 (52.2%)
Gastric varices	41 (8.5%)
Esophageal erosion	8 (1.7%)
Mallory-Weiss syndrome	5 (1.0%)
Angiodysplasia	2 (0.4%)
Endoscopic intervention
Epinephrine injection + thermal treatment	24 (5.0%)
Epinephrine injection + endoclips	178 (36.9%)
Banding	232 (48.0%)
Sclerotherapy	25 (5.2%)
Glubran injection	36 (7.5%)
APC	29 (6.0%)
Medical management
IV fluid	7 (1.4%)
IV fluid, octreotide	2 (0.4%)
IV fluid, PPI	89 (18.4%)
IV fluid, PPI, octreotide	137 (28.4%)
Octreotide	1 (0.2%)
PPI	104 (21.5%)
PPI, octreotide	143 (29.6%)
Surgical management
No	466 (96.5%)
Yes	17 (3.5%)
Transfusion requirement
> 2 units	68 (14.1%)
0 unit	288 (59.6%)
1 - 2 units	127 (26.3%)
Length of the hospital stay
< 1 day	61 (12.6%)
> 5 days	122 (25.3%)
1 - 3 days	210 (43.5%)
4 - 5 days	90 (18.6%)
Rebleeding within 72 h of hospitalization
No	449 (93.0%)
Yes	34 (7.0%)
Discharged disposition
Died	29 (6.0%)
Discharge/transfer to another facility	47 (9.7%)
Discharged home	348 (72.0%)
Others	59 (12.2%)

Table 2. Endoscopic Observations, Therapy, and Results of the Patients

Endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome

N (%)

APC: argon plasma coagulation; IV: intravenous; N: number; %: percentage; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.

Endoscopy finding

Gastric ulcer

78 (16.1%)

Duodenal ulcer

105 (21.7%)

Esophageal varices

252 (52.2%)

Gastric varices

41 (8.5%)

Esophageal erosion

8 (1.7%)

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

5 (1.0%)

Angiodysplasia

2 (0.4%)

Endoscopic intervention

Epinephrine injection + thermal treatment

24 (5.0%)

Epinephrine injection + endoclips

178 (36.9%)

Banding

232 (48.0%)

Sclerotherapy

25 (5.2%)

Glubran injection

36 (7.5%)

APC

29 (6.0%)

Medical management

IV fluid

7 (1.4%)

IV fluid, octreotide

2 (0.4%)

IV fluid, PPI

89 (18.4%)

IV fluid, PPI, octreotide

137 (28.4%)

Octreotide

1 (0.2%)

PPI

104 (21.5%)

PPI, octreotide

143 (29.6%)

Surgical management

466 (96.5%)

Yes

17 (3.5%)

Transfusion requirement

> 2 units

68 (14.1%)

0 unit

288 (59.6%)

1 - 2 units

127 (26.3%)

Length of the hospital stay

< 1 day

61 (12.6%)

> 5 days

122 (25.3%)

1 - 3 days

210 (43.5%)

4 - 5 days

90 (18.6%)

Rebleeding within 72 h of hospitalization

449 (93.0%)

Yes

34 (7.0%)

Discharged disposition

Died

29 (6.0%)

Discharge/transfer to another facility

47 (9.7%)

Discharged home

348 (72.0%)

Others

59 (12.2%)

**Table 3.** Association Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical History of Patients Discharged
Variable	Discharged disposition, N (%)	P-value
*Statistical significance. IQR: interquartile range; N: number; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; %: percentage; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age, median (IQR)	63 (57 - 76)	57 (36 - 67)	52 (38 - 67)	57 (37 - 76)	0.009*
Gender
Female	7 (5.6%)	11 (8.8%)	90 (72.0%)	17 (13.6%)	0.927
Male	22 (6.1%)	36 (10.1%)	258 (72.1%)	42 (11.7%)
Clinical presentation
Hematemesis	21 (6.4%)	34 (10.4%)	236 (72.4%)	35 (10.7%)	0.451
Melena	24 (10.0%)	27 (11.3%)	164 (68.3%)	25 (10.4%)	0.001*
Hematochezia	1 (4.8%)	1 (4.8%)	15 (71.4%)	4 (19.0%)	0.715
Other	2 (5.0%)	3 (7.5%)	30 (75.0%)	5 (12.5%)	0.988
Shock (SBP < 90 mm Hg)	15 (28.8%)	3 (5.8%)	21 (40.4%)	13 (25.0%)	< 0.001*
History of previous UGIB	20 (10.2%)	20 (10.2%)	126 (64.0%)	31 (15.7%)	0.001*
Coexisting medical condition
Cancer	2 (15.4%)	1 (7.7%)	8 (61.5%)	2 (15.4%)	0.341
Chronic liver disease	20 (7.1%)	27 (9.5%)	210 (74.2%)	26 (9.2%)	0.076
Renal disease	11 (27.5%)	3 (7.5%)	23 (57.5%)	3 (7.5%)	< 0.001*
Others	11 (5.2%)	24 (11.4%)	144 (68.6%)	31 (14.8%)	0.255
Drug history
Anti-platelets	1 (7.1%)	2 (14.3%)	9 (64.3%)	2 (14.3%)	0.729
Anticoagulation	3 (12.5%)	0 (0.0%)	16 (66.7%)	5 (20.8%)	0.079
Corticosteroids	8 (40.0%)	2 (10.0%)	10 (50.0%)	0 (0.0%)	< 0.001*
NSAIDs	3 (7.5%)	1 (2.5%)	29 (72.5%)	7 (17.5%)	0.265
SSRI	0 (0.0%)	1 (20.0%)	3 (60.0%)	1 (20.0%)	0.511
Others	24 (5.7%)	45 (10.7%)	305 (72.4%)	47 (11.2%)	0.071
The time interval between the bleeding episodes and endoscopy
< 24 h	14 (5.3%)	21 (8.0%)	193 (73.7%)	34 (13.0%)	0.671
> 48 h	4 (5.3%)	11 (14.7%)	52 (69.3%)	8 (10.7%)
24 - 48 h	11 (7.5%)	15 (10.3%)	103 (70.5%)	17 (11.6%)

Table 3. Association Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical History of Patients Discharged

Variable

Discharged disposition, N (%)

P-value

Died

Discharge/transfer to another facility

Discharged home

Others

*Statistical significance. IQR: interquartile range; N: number; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; %: percentage; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Sociodemographic characteristics

Age, median (IQR)

63 (57 - 76)

57 (36 - 67)

52 (38 - 67)

57 (37 - 76)

0.009*

Gender

Female

7 (5.6%)

11 (8.8%)

90 (72.0%)

17 (13.6%)

0.927

Male

22 (6.1%)

36 (10.1%)

258 (72.1%)

42 (11.7%)

Clinical presentation

Hematemesis

21 (6.4%)

34 (10.4%)

236 (72.4%)

35 (10.7%)

0.451

Melena

24 (10.0%)

27 (11.3%)

164 (68.3%)

25 (10.4%)

0.001*

Hematochezia

1 (4.8%)

15 (71.4%)

4 (19.0%)

0.715

Other

2 (5.0%)

3 (7.5%)

30 (75.0%)

5 (12.5%)

0.988

Shock (SBP < 90 mm Hg)

15 (28.8%)

3 (5.8%)

21 (40.4%)

13 (25.0%)

< 0.001*

History of previous UGIB

20 (10.2%)

126 (64.0%)

31 (15.7%)

0.001*

Coexisting medical condition

Cancer

2 (15.4%)

1 (7.7%)

8 (61.5%)

2 (15.4%)

0.341

Chronic liver disease

20 (7.1%)

27 (9.5%)

210 (74.2%)

26 (9.2%)

0.076

Renal disease

11 (27.5%)

3 (7.5%)

23 (57.5%)

3 (7.5%)

< 0.001*

Others

11 (5.2%)

24 (11.4%)

144 (68.6%)

31 (14.8%)

0.255

Drug history

Anti-platelets

1 (7.1%)

2 (14.3%)

9 (64.3%)

2 (14.3%)

0.729

Anticoagulation

3 (12.5%)

0 (0.0%)

16 (66.7%)

5 (20.8%)

0.079

Corticosteroids

8 (40.0%)

2 (10.0%)

10 (50.0%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.001*

NSAIDs

3 (7.5%)

1 (2.5%)

29 (72.5%)

7 (17.5%)

0.265

SSRI

0 (0.0%)

1 (20.0%)

3 (60.0%)

1 (20.0%)

0.511

Others

24 (5.7%)

45 (10.7%)

305 (72.4%)

47 (11.2%)

0.071

The time interval between the bleeding episodes and endoscopy

< 24 h

14 (5.3%)

21 (8.0%)

193 (73.7%)

34 (13.0%)

0.671

> 48 h

4 (5.3%)

11 (14.7%)

52 (69.3%)

8 (10.7%)

24 - 48 h

11 (7.5%)

15 (10.3%)

103 (70.5%)

17 (11.6%)

**Table 4.** Association of Endoscopic Findings, Treatment, and Outcome of the Patients With Discharge Disposition
	Discharged disposition, N (%)	P-value
*Statistical significance. APC: argon plasma coagulation; IV: intravenous; N: number; %: percentage; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.
Endoscopy finding
Gastric ulcer	4 (5.1%)	6 (7.7%)	49 (62.8%)	19 (24.4%)	0.010*
Duodenal ulcer	8 (7.6%)	11 (10.5%)	72 (68.6%)	14 (13.3%)	0.796
Esophageal varices	14 (5.6%)	25 (9.9%)	191 (75.8%)	22 (8.7%)	0.091
Gastric varices	2 (4.9%)	6 (14.6%)	29 (70.7%)	4 (9.8%)	0.697
Esophageal erosion	0 (0.0%)	2 (25.0%)	5 (62.5%)	1 (12.5%)	0.351
Mallory-Weiss syndrome	1 (20.0%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (80.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0.421
Angiodysplasia	1 (50.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (50.0%)	0.054
Endoscopic intervention
Epinephrine injection + thermal treatment	3 (12.5%)	1 (4.2%)	12 (50.0%)	8 (33.3%)	0.006*
Epinephrine injection + enodclips	11 (6.2%)	21 (11.8%)	120 (67.4%)	26 (14.6%)	0.320
Banding	15 (6.5%)	22 (9.5%)	178 (76.7%)	17 (7.3%)	0.016*
Sclerotherapy
Yes	0 (0.0%)	2 (8.0%)	18 (72.0%)	5 (20.0%)	0.465
No	29 (6.3%)	45 (9.8%)	330 (72.1%)	54 (11.8%)
Glubran injection	1 (2.8%)	3 (8.3%)	28 (77.8%)	4 (11.1%)	0.961
APC	0 (0.0%)	2 (6.9%)	14 (48.3%)	13 (44.8%)	< 0.001*
Medical management
IV fluid	0 (0.0%)	1 (14.3%)	6 (85.7%)	0 (0.0%)	0.060
IV fluid, octreotide	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)
IV fluid, PPI	6 (6.7%)	6 (6.7%)	55 (61.8%)	22 (24.7%)
IV fluid, PPI, octreotide	5 (3.6%)	9 (6.6%)	112 (81.8%)	11 (8.0%)
Octreotide	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)
PPI	6 (5.8%)	12 (11.5%)	74 (71.2%)	12 (11.5%)
PPI, octreotide	12 (8.4%)	19 (13.3%)	98 (68.5%)	14 (9.8%)
Surgical management	0 (0.0%)	2 (11.8%)	10 (58.8%)	5 (29.4%)	0.128
Transfusion requirement
> 2 units	24 (35.3%)	9 (13.2%)	31 (45.6%)	4 (5.9%)	< 0.001*
0 unit	4 (1.4%)	21 (7.3%)	230 (79.9%)	33 (11.5%)
1 - 2 units	1 (0.8%)	17 (13.4%)	87 (68.5%)	22 (17.3%)
Length of the hospital stay
< 1 day	0 (0.0%)	15 (24.6%)	45 (73.8%)	1 (1.6%)	< 0.001*
> 5 days	23 (18.9%)	13 (10.7%)	71 (58.2%)	15 (12.3%)
1 - 3 days	3 (1.4%)	17 (8.1%)	168 (80.0%)	22 (10.5%)
4 - 5 days	3 (3.3%)	2 (2.2%)	64 (71.1%)	21 (23.3%)
Rebleeding in 72 h of hospitalization	14 (41.2%)	1 (2.9%)	13 (38.2%)	6 (17.6%)	< 0.001*

Table 4. Association of Endoscopic Findings, Treatment, and Outcome of the Patients With Discharge Disposition

Discharged disposition, N (%)

P-value

Died

Discharge/transfer to other facility

Discharged home

Others

*Statistical significance. APC: argon plasma coagulation; IV: intravenous; N: number; %: percentage; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.

Endoscopy finding

Gastric ulcer

4 (5.1%)

6 (7.7%)

49 (62.8%)

19 (24.4%)

0.010*

Duodenal ulcer

8 (7.6%)

11 (10.5%)

72 (68.6%)

14 (13.3%)

0.796

Esophageal varices

14 (5.6%)

25 (9.9%)

191 (75.8%)

22 (8.7%)

0.091

Gastric varices

2 (4.9%)

6 (14.6%)

29 (70.7%)

4 (9.8%)

0.697

Esophageal erosion

0 (0.0%)

2 (25.0%)

5 (62.5%)

1 (12.5%)

0.351

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

1 (20.0%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (80.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.421

Angiodysplasia

1 (50.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (50.0%)

0.054

Endoscopic intervention

Epinephrine injection + thermal treatment

3 (12.5%)

1 (4.2%)

12 (50.0%)

8 (33.3%)

0.006*

Epinephrine injection + enodclips

11 (6.2%)

21 (11.8%)

120 (67.4%)

26 (14.6%)

0.320

Banding

15 (6.5%)

22 (9.5%)

178 (76.7%)

17 (7.3%)

0.016*

Sclerotherapy

Yes

0 (0.0%)

2 (8.0%)

18 (72.0%)

5 (20.0%)

0.465

29 (6.3%)

45 (9.8%)

330 (72.1%)

54 (11.8%)

Glubran injection

1 (2.8%)

3 (8.3%)

28 (77.8%)

4 (11.1%)

0.961

APC

0 (0.0%)

2 (6.9%)

14 (48.3%)

13 (44.8%)

< 0.001*

Medical management

IV fluid

0 (0.0%)

1 (14.3%)

6 (85.7%)

0 (0.0%)

0.060

IV fluid, octreotide

0 (0.0%)

2 (100.0%)

0 (0.0%)

IV fluid, PPI

6 (6.7%)

55 (61.8%)

22 (24.7%)

IV fluid, PPI, octreotide

5 (3.6%)

9 (6.6%)

112 (81.8%)

11 (8.0%)

Octreotide

0 (0.0%)

1 (100.0%)

0 (0.0%)

PPI

6 (5.8%)

12 (11.5%)

74 (71.2%)

12 (11.5%)

PPI, octreotide

12 (8.4%)

19 (13.3%)

98 (68.5%)

14 (9.8%)

Surgical management

0 (0.0%)

2 (11.8%)

10 (58.8%)

5 (29.4%)

0.128

Transfusion requirement

> 2 units

24 (35.3%)

9 (13.2%)

31 (45.6%)

4 (5.9%)

< 0.001*

0 unit

4 (1.4%)

21 (7.3%)

230 (79.9%)

33 (11.5%)

1 - 2 units

1 (0.8%)

17 (13.4%)

87 (68.5%)

22 (17.3%)

Length of the hospital stay

< 1 day

0 (0.0%)

15 (24.6%)

45 (73.8%)

1 (1.6%)

< 0.001*

> 5 days

23 (18.9%)

13 (10.7%)

71 (58.2%)

15 (12.3%)

1 - 3 days

3 (1.4%)

17 (8.1%)

168 (80.0%)

22 (10.5%)

4 - 5 days

3 (3.3%)

2 (2.2%)

64 (71.1%)

21 (23.3%)

Rebleeding in 72 h of hospitalization

14 (41.2%)

1 (2.9%)

13 (38.2%)

6 (17.6%)

< 0.001*

**Table 5.** Association Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical History of Patients With Rebleeding
	Rebleeding in 72 h of hospitalization, N (%)	P value
*Statistical significance. IQR: interquartile range; N: number; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; %: percentage; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Age, median (IQR)	58 (40 - 74)	54 (38 - 68)	0.234
Gender
Female	9 (7.2%)	116 (92.8%)	0.935
Male	25 (7.0%)	333 (93.0%)
Clinical presentation
Hematemesis	26 (8.0%)	300 (92.0%)	0.246
Melena	23 (9.6%)	217 (90.4%)	0.030*
Hematochezia	1 (4.8%)	20 (95.2%)	1.000
Other	3 (7.5%)	37 (92.5%)	0.754
Shock (SBP < 90 mm Hg)	18 (34.6%)	34 (65.4%)	< 0.001*
History of previous UGIB	21 (10.7%)	176 (89.3%)	0.010*
Coexisting medical condition
Chronic liver disease	19 (6.7%)	264 (93.3%)	0.739
Renal disease	12 (30.8%)	27 (69.2%)	< 0.001*
Cancer	2 (15.4%)	11 (84.6%)	0.231
Others	15 (7.1%)	195 (92.9%)	0.938
Drug history
Anti-platelets	2 (14.3%)	12 (85.7%)	0.258
Anticoagulation	7 (29.2%)	17 (70.8%)	< 0.001*
Corticosteroids	4 (20.0%)	16 (80.0%)	0.044*
NSAIDs	3 (7.5%)	37 (92.5%)	0.754
SSRI	0 (0.0%)	5 (100.0%)	1.000
Others	27 (6.4%)	394 (93.6%)	0.180
Time interval between the bleeding episodes and endoscopy
< 24 h	13 (5.0%)	249 (95.0%)	0.151
> 48 h	7 (9.3%)	68 (90.7%)
24 - 48 h	14 (9.6%)	132 (90.4%)

Table 5. Association Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical History of Patients With Rebleeding

Rebleeding in 72 h of hospitalization, N (%)

P value

Yes

Age, median (IQR)

58 (40 - 74)

54 (38 - 68)

0.234

Gender

Female

9 (7.2%)

116 (92.8%)

0.935

Male

25 (7.0%)

333 (93.0%)

Clinical presentation

Hematemesis

26 (8.0%)

300 (92.0%)

0.246

Melena

23 (9.6%)

217 (90.4%)

0.030*

Hematochezia

1 (4.8%)

20 (95.2%)

1.000

Other

3 (7.5%)

37 (92.5%)

0.754

Shock (SBP < 90 mm Hg)

18 (34.6%)

34 (65.4%)

< 0.001*

History of previous UGIB

21 (10.7%)

176 (89.3%)

0.010*

Coexisting medical condition

Chronic liver disease

19 (6.7%)

264 (93.3%)

0.739

Renal disease

12 (30.8%)

27 (69.2%)

< 0.001*

Cancer

2 (15.4%)

11 (84.6%)

0.231

Others

15 (7.1%)

195 (92.9%)

0.938

Drug history

Anti-platelets

2 (14.3%)

12 (85.7%)

0.258

Anticoagulation

7 (29.2%)

17 (70.8%)

< 0.001*

Corticosteroids

4 (20.0%)

16 (80.0%)

0.044*

NSAIDs

3 (7.5%)

37 (92.5%)

0.754

SSRI

0 (0.0%)

5 (100.0%)

1.000

Others

27 (6.4%)

394 (93.6%)

0.180

Time interval between the bleeding episodes and endoscopy

< 24 h

13 (5.0%)

249 (95.0%)

0.151

> 48 h

7 (9.3%)

68 (90.7%)

24 - 48 h

14 (9.6%)

132 (90.4%)

**Table 6.** Association of Endoscopic Findings, Treatment, and Outcome of Patients With Rebleeding
	Rebleeding in 72 h of hospitalization, N (%)	P value
*Statistical significance. APC: argon plasma coagulation; IV: intravenous; N: number; %: percentage; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.
Endoscopic findings
Gastric ulcer	5 (6.4%)	73 (93.6%)	0.521
Duodenal ulcer	12 (11.4%)	93 (88.6%)	0.047*
Esophageal varices	13 (5.2%)	239 (94.8%)	0.092
Gastric varices	3 (7.3%)	38 (92.7%)	1.000
Esophageal erosion	2 (25.0%)	6 (75.0%)	0.103
Mallory-Weiss syndrome	3 (60.0%)	2 (40.0%)	0.003*
Angiodysplasia	1 (50.0%)	1 (50.0%)	0.136
Endoscopic intervention
Epinephrine injection + thermal treatment	2 (8.3%)	22 (91.7%)	1.000
Epinephrine injection + enodclips	19 (10.7%)	159 (89.3%)	0.017*
Banding	13 (5.6%)	219 (94.4%)	0.236
Sclerotherapy	0 (0.0%)	25 (100.0%)	0.178
Glubran injection	1 (2.8%)	35 (97.2%)	0.355
APC	2 (6.9%)	27 (93.1%)	1.000
Medical management
IV fluid	1 (14.3%)	6 (85.7%)	0.438
IV fluid, octreotide	0 (0.0%)	2 (100.0%)
IV fluid, PPI	10 (11.2%)	79 (88.8%)
IV fluid, PPI, octreotide	9 (6.6%)	128 (93.4%)
Octreotide	0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)
PPI	7 (6.7%)	97 (93.3%)
PPI, octreotide	7 (4.9%)	136 (95.1%)
Surgical management	2 (11.8%)	15 (88.2%)	0.622
Transfusion requirement
> 2 units	19 (27.9%)	49 (72.1%)	< 0.001*
0 unit	6 (2.1%)	282 (97.9%)
1 - 2 units	9 (7.1%)	118 (92.9%)
Length of the hospital stay
< 1 day	0 (0.0%)	61 (100.0%)	< 0.001*
> 5 days	23 (18.9%)	99 (81.1%)
1 - 3 days	5 (2.4%)	205 (97.6%)
4 - 5 days	6 (6.7%)	84 (93.3%)

Table 6. Association of Endoscopic Findings, Treatment, and Outcome of Patients With Rebleeding

Rebleeding in 72 h of hospitalization, N (%)

P value

Yes

*Statistical significance. APC: argon plasma coagulation; IV: intravenous; N: number; %: percentage; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.

Endoscopic findings

Gastric ulcer

5 (6.4%)

73 (93.6%)

0.521

Duodenal ulcer

12 (11.4%)

93 (88.6%)

0.047*

Esophageal varices

13 (5.2%)

239 (94.8%)

0.092

Gastric varices

3 (7.3%)

38 (92.7%)

1.000

Esophageal erosion

2 (25.0%)

6 (75.0%)

0.103

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

3 (60.0%)

2 (40.0%)

0.003*

Angiodysplasia

1 (50.0%)

0.136

Endoscopic intervention

Epinephrine injection + thermal treatment

2 (8.3%)

22 (91.7%)

1.000

Epinephrine injection + enodclips

19 (10.7%)

159 (89.3%)

0.017*

Banding

13 (5.6%)

219 (94.4%)

0.236

Sclerotherapy

0 (0.0%)

25 (100.0%)

0.178

Glubran injection

1 (2.8%)

35 (97.2%)

0.355

APC

2 (6.9%)

27 (93.1%)

1.000

Medical management

IV fluid

1 (14.3%)

6 (85.7%)

0.438

IV fluid, octreotide

0 (0.0%)

2 (100.0%)

IV fluid, PPI

10 (11.2%)

79 (88.8%)

IV fluid, PPI, octreotide

9 (6.6%)

128 (93.4%)

Octreotide

0 (0.0%)

1 (100.0%)

PPI

7 (6.7%)

97 (93.3%)

PPI, octreotide

7 (4.9%)

136 (95.1%)

Surgical management

2 (11.8%)

15 (88.2%)

0.622

Transfusion requirement

> 2 units

19 (27.9%)

49 (72.1%)

< 0.001*

0 unit

6 (2.1%)

282 (97.9%)

1 - 2 units

9 (7.1%)

118 (92.9%)

Length of the hospital stay

< 1 day

0 (0.0%)

61 (100.0%)

< 0.001*

> 5 days

23 (18.9%)

99 (81.1%)

1 - 3 days

5 (2.4%)

205 (97.6%)

4 - 5 days

6 (6.7%)

84 (93.3%)

**Table 7.** OR for Development of Rebleed With Regard to Multiple Potential Risk Factors
Factors that may predispose for rebleeding within 72 h	OR (95% confidence interval)	P-value
*Statistical significance. ^aIncluding platelet inhibitors and anticoagulants. ^b< 24 h, 24 - 48 h and > 48 h. ^c0 units, 1 - 2 units and > 2 units. ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR: odds ratio; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Age	0.988 (0.966 - 1.010)	0.293
Presentation with shock	6.638 (2.456 - 17.945)	< 0.0001*
History of UGIB	1.502 (0.621 - 3.636)	0.367
Renal disease	4.155 (1.405 - 12.285)	0.010*
Liver disease	2.146 (0.493 - 9.341)	0.309
Cancer	1.722 (0.280 - 10.586)	0.558
Blood thinners^a	1.395 (0.454 - 4.287)	0.561
NSAID excluding ASA	1.080 (0.235 - 4.960)	0.921
Steroids	0.635 (0.145 - 2.793)	0.548
Time to endoscopy^b	1.627 (0.945 - 2.800)	0.079
Esophageal varices	0.493 (0.041 - 5.966)	0.578
Gastric varices	0.603 (0.023 - 15.548)	0.760
Non-variceal gastroduodenal bleed	2.014 (0.246 - 16.463)	0.514
Non-variceal esophageal bleed	9.347 (0.663 - 131.769)	0.098
Transfusion requirement^c	2.702 (1.470 - 4.967)	0.001*

Table 7. OR for Development of Rebleed With Regard to Multiple Potential Risk Factors

Factors that may predispose for rebleeding within 72 h

OR (95% confidence interval)

P-value

*Statistical significance. ^aIncluding platelet inhibitors and anticoagulants. ^b< 24 h, 24 - 48 h and > 48 h. ^c0 units, 1 - 2 units and > 2 units. ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR: odds ratio; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Age

0.988 (0.966 - 1.010)

0.293

Presentation with shock

6.638 (2.456 - 17.945)

< 0.0001*

History of UGIB

1.502 (0.621 - 3.636)

0.367

Renal disease

4.155 (1.405 - 12.285)

0.010*

Liver disease

2.146 (0.493 - 9.341)

0.309

Cancer

1.722 (0.280 - 10.586)

0.558

Blood thinners^a

1.395 (0.454 - 4.287)

0.561

NSAID excluding ASA

1.080 (0.235 - 4.960)

0.921

Steroids

0.635 (0.145 - 2.793)

0.548

Time to endoscopy^b

1.627 (0.945 - 2.800)

0.079

Esophageal varices

0.493 (0.041 - 5.966)

0.578

Gastric varices

0.603 (0.023 - 15.548)

0.760

Non-variceal gastroduodenal bleed

2.014 (0.246 - 16.463)

0.514

Non-variceal esophageal bleed

9.347 (0.663 - 131.769)

0.098

Transfusion requirement^c

2.702 (1.470 - 4.967)

0.001*

**Table 8.** OR for Mortality With Regard to Multiple Potential Risk Factors
Factors that may predispose for mortality	OR (95% confidence interval)	P-value
*Statistical significance. ^aIncluding platelet inhibitors and anticoagulants. ^b< 24 h, 24 - 48 h and > 48 h. ^c0 units, 1 - 2 units and > 2 units. ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR: odds ratio; UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Age	1.020 (0.991 - 1.051)	0.174
Presentation with shock	1.355 (0.384 - 4.780)	0.636
History of UGIB	2.245 (0.729 - 6.914)	0.159
Renal disease	3.460 (0.821 - 14.586)	0.091
Liver disease	5.060 (0.862 - 29.713)	0.073
Cancer	0.354 (0.023 - 5.415)	0.455
Blood thinners^a	0.219 (0.034 - 1.408)	0.110
NSAID excluding ASA	1.076 (0.196 - 5.905)	0.933
Steroids	7.099 (1.718 - 29.330)	0.007*
Time to endoscopy^b	0.894 (0.451 - 1.770)	0.748
Esophageal varices	0.076 (0.006 - 1.004)	0.051
Gastric varices	0.061 (0.001 - 3.004)	0.160
Non-variceal gastroduodenal bleed	0.183 (0.019 - 1.749)	0.140
Non-variceal esophageal bleed	0.048 (0.001 - 2.148)	0.118
Transfusion requirement^c	4.996 (2.165 - 11.528)	< 0.0001*
Rebleeding	7.936 (2.100 - 29.995)	0.002*

Table 8. OR for Mortality With Regard to Multiple Potential Risk Factors

Factors that may predispose for mortality

OR (95% confidence interval)

P-value

Age

1.020 (0.991 - 1.051)

0.174

Presentation with shock

1.355 (0.384 - 4.780)

0.636

History of UGIB

2.245 (0.729 - 6.914)

0.159

Renal disease

3.460 (0.821 - 14.586)

0.091

Liver disease

5.060 (0.862 - 29.713)

0.073

Cancer

0.354 (0.023 - 5.415)

0.455

Blood thinners^a

0.219 (0.034 - 1.408)

0.110

NSAID excluding ASA

1.076 (0.196 - 5.905)

0.933

Steroids

7.099 (1.718 - 29.330)

0.007*

Time to endoscopy^b

0.894 (0.451 - 1.770)

0.748

Esophageal varices

0.076 (0.006 - 1.004)

0.051

Gastric varices

0.061 (0.001 - 3.004)

0.160

Non-variceal gastroduodenal bleed

0.183 (0.019 - 1.749)

0.140

Non-variceal esophageal bleed

0.048 (0.001 - 2.148)

0.118

Transfusion requirement^c

4.996 (2.165 - 11.528)

< 0.0001*

Rebleeding

7.936 (2.100 - 29.995)

0.002*