J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 1, January 2025, pages 51-59

Serum Vitamin D Level Correlates Significantly With Leptin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Overweight Postmenopausal Women With Hypertension

Figure 2. Correlation of serum vitamin D with TNF-α in overweight hypertensive postmenopausal women. TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

**Table 1.** Characteristic Features and Related Parameters Among Groups in Postmenopausal Women (n = 346)
Variables	NW-NT	NW-HT	OW-HT	P-value*
Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P-values for one-way ANOVA, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows. ANOVA: analysis of variance; BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; SD: standard deviation; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; 25(OH)D: vitamin D.
Number of subjects (n)	116	115	115	-
Age (years)	55.32 ± 2.84	55.33 ± 2.79	55.35 ± 2.75	0.99
BMI (kg/m²)	23.46 ± 0.87	23.42 ± 0.88	27.49 ± 1.48	< 0.001
Lep (ng/mL)	5.99 ± 2.49	10.23 ± 5.36	13.40 ± 6.21	< 0.001
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	32.04 ± 7.14	32.05 ± 6.99	30.21 ± 7.57	0.09
TC (mg/dL)	179.83 ± 13.50	182.69 ± 14.49	183.19 ± 18.94	0.22
TG (mg/dL)	96.14 ± 14.04	96.41 ± 14.47	98.66 ± 17.27	0.39
Hcy (µmol/L)	6.914 ± 4.83	6.99 ± 4.88	7.20 ± 5.14	0.91
IL-6 (pg/mL)	7.68 ± 7.48	9.26 ± 6.42	13.69 ± 8.15	< 0.001
TNF-α (pg/mL)	6.01 ± 5.65	9.23 ± 5.73	12.61 ± 6.54	< 0.001

Table 1. Characteristic Features and Related Parameters Among Groups in Postmenopausal Women (n = 346)

Variables

NW-NT

NW-HT

OW-HT

P-value*

Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P-values for one-way ANOVA, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows. ANOVA: analysis of variance; BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; SD: standard deviation; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; 25(OH)D: vitamin D.

Number of subjects (n)

116

115

Age (years)

55.32 ± 2.84

55.33 ± 2.79

55.35 ± 2.75

0.99

BMI (kg/m²)

23.46 ± 0.87

23.42 ± 0.88

27.49 ± 1.48

< 0.001

Lep (ng/mL)

5.99 ± 2.49

10.23 ± 5.36

13.40 ± 6.21

< 0.001

25(OH)D (ng/mL)

32.04 ± 7.14

32.05 ± 6.99

30.21 ± 7.57

0.09

TC (mg/dL)

179.83 ± 13.50

182.69 ± 14.49

183.19 ± 18.94

0.22

TG (mg/dL)

96.14 ± 14.04

96.41 ± 14.47

98.66 ± 17.27

0.39

Hcy (µmol/L)

6.914 ± 4.83

6.99 ± 4.88

7.20 ± 5.14

0.91

IL-6 (pg/mL)

7.68 ± 7.48

9.26 ± 6.42

13.69 ± 8.15

< 0.001

TNF-α (pg/mL)

6.01 ± 5.65

9.23 ± 5.73

12.61 ± 6.54

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Correlation of BMI With Other Variables Based on BMI in Postmenopausal Women
Variables	NW-NT	NW-HT	OW-HT
BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; R²: coefficient of correlation, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; 25(OH)D: vitamin D.
Lep	0.004	0.49	0.021	0.12	0.037	0.04
25(OH)D	0.003	0.56	0.005	0.46	0.350	< 0.001
TC	0.036	0.04	0.019	0.15	0.020	0.13
TG	0.004	0.50	0.004	0.50	0.000	0.89
Hcy	0.001	0.74	0.001	0.79	0.000	0.96
IL-6	0.037	0.04	0.004	0.48	0.003	0.56
TNF-α	0.028	0.07	0.24	< 0.001	0.288	< 0.001

Table 2. Correlation of BMI With Other Variables Based on BMI in Postmenopausal Women

Variables

NW-NT

NW-HT

OW-HT

R²

BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; R²: coefficient of correlation, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; 25(OH)D: vitamin D.

Lep

0.004

0.49

0.021

0.12

0.037

0.04

25(OH)D

0.003

0.56

0.005

0.46

0.350

< 0.001

0.036

0.04

0.019

0.15

0.020

0.13

0.004

0.50

0.004

0.50

0.000

0.89

Hcy

0.001

0.74

0.001

0.79

0.000

0.96

IL-6

0.037

0.04

0.004

0.48

0.003

0.56

TNF-α

0.028

0.07

0.24

< 0.001

0.288

< 0.001

**Table 3.** Correlation of Serum Lep With Other Variables on the Basis of BMI in Postmenopausal Women
Variables	NW-NT	NW-HT	OW-HT
BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; R²: coefficient of correlation, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; 25(OH)D: vitamin D.
25(OH)D	0.006	0.42	0.002	0.60	0.106	< 0.0004
TC	0.001	0.72	0.001	0.73	0.007	0.39
TG	0.020	0.13	0.010	0.30	0.000	0.96
Hcy	0.006	0.41	0.010	0.30	0.028	0.08
IL-6	0.067	0.005	0.016	0.18	0.024	0.10
TNF-α	0.070	0.004	0.147	< 0.001	0.149	< 0.001

Table 3. Correlation of Serum Lep With Other Variables on the Basis of BMI in Postmenopausal Women

Variables

NW-NT

NW-HT

OW-HT

R²

25(OH)D

0.006

0.42

0.002

0.60

0.106

< 0.0004

0.001

0.72

0.001

0.73

0.007

0.39

0.020

0.13

0.010

0.30

0.000

0.96

Hcy

0.006

0.41

0.010

0.30

0.028

0.08

IL-6

0.067

0.005

0.016

0.18

0.024

0.10

TNF-α

0.070

0.004

0.147

< 0.001

0.149

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Correlation of Serum vitD With Other Variables Based on BMI in Postmenopausal Women
Variables	NW-NT	NW-HT	OW-HT
BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; R²: coefficient of correlation, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows; negative linear slope was obtained for all variables in all groups; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; vitD: vitamin D.
Lep	0.006	0.42	0.002	0.60	0.106	< 0.0004
TC	0.000	0.856	0.001	0.705	0.007	0.391
TG	0.001	0.771	0.005	0.460	0.008	0.347
Hcy	0.001	0.729	0.003	0.546	0.002	0.673
IL-6	0.009	0.303	0.001	0.685	0.004	0.491
TNF-α	0.009	0.303	0.007	0.359	0.241	< 0.0001

Table 4. Correlation of Serum vitD With Other Variables Based on BMI in Postmenopausal Women

Variables

NW-NT

NW-HT

OW-HT

R²

BMI: body mass index; Hcy: homocysteine; IL-6: interleukin-6; Lep: leptin; NW-HT: normal weight hypertensive; NW-NT: normal weight normotensive; OW-HT: overweight hypertensive; R²: coefficient of correlation, statistical analysis done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0 for Windows; negative linear slope was obtained for all variables in all groups; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; vitD: vitamin D.

Lep

0.006

0.42

0.002

0.60

0.106

< 0.0004

0.000

0.856

0.001

0.705

0.007

0.391

0.001

0.771

0.005

0.460

0.008

0.347

Hcy

0.001

0.729

0.003

0.546

0.002

0.673

IL-6

0.009

0.303

0.001

0.685

0.004

0.491

TNF-α

0.009

0.303

0.007

0.359

0.241

< 0.0001