J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 4, April 2025, pages 208-222

Relative, Conditional, and Overall Survival and Causes of Death in Patients With Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Longitudinal Cohort Study

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Glioblastoma
Characteristic	Diagnosed cases no. (%)	Deaths no. (%)
All patients	45,071 (100)	40,568 (90.01)
Sex
Male	26,139 (58.00)	23,591 (58.15)
Female	18,932 (42.00)	16,977 (41.85)
Race
White	40,037 (88.83)	36,237 (89.32)
American Indian/Alaska Native	191 (0.42)	165 (0.41)
Asian or Pacific Islander	2,207 (4.90)	1,857 (4.58)
Black	2,505 (5.56)	2,231 (5.50)
Unknown	131 (0.29)	78 (0.19)
Age at diagnosis
< 18	497 (1.10)	404 (1.00)
18 - 44	3,936 (8.73)	3,087 (7.61)
45 - 59	13,507 (29.97)	11,915 (29.37)
60 - 74	18,217 (40.42)	16,572 (40.85)
> 75	8,914 (19.78)	8,590 (21.17)

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Glioblastoma

Characteristic

Diagnosed cases no. (%)

Deaths no. (%)

All patients

45,071 (100)

40,568 (90.01)

Sex

Male

26,139 (58.00)

23,591 (58.15)

Female

18,932 (42.00)

16,977 (41.85)

Race

White

40,037 (88.83)

36,237 (89.32)

American Indian/Alaska Native

191 (0.42)

165 (0.41)

Asian or Pacific Islander

2,207 (4.90)

1,857 (4.58)

Black

2,505 (5.56)

2,231 (5.50)

Unknown

131 (0.29)

78 (0.19)

Age at diagnosis

< 18

497 (1.10)

404 (1.00)

18 - 44

3,936 (8.73)

3,087 (7.61)

45 - 59

13,507 (29.97)

11,915 (29.37)

60 - 74

18,217 (40.42)

16,572 (40.85)

> 75

8,914 (19.78)

8,590 (21.17)

**Table 2.** Survival of Glioblastoma Patients With Conditional Survival According to Age
Years	No. of patients	Observed survival 95% CI (lower - upper)	Relative survival 95% CI (lower - upper)
*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval.
Overall
1 year	45,071	0.40 (0.396 - 0.405)	0.41 (0.402 - 0.411)
3 years	45,071	0.10 (0.095 - 0.101)	0.10 (0.099 - 0.105)
5 years	45,071	0.05 (0.049 - 0.054)	0.05 (0.052 - 0.057)
3 years after 1-year survival	16,751	0.17 (0.163 - 0.175)	0.17 (0.168 - 0.18)
3 years after 3 years of survival	3,499	0.43 (0.411 - 0.446)	0.44 (0.422 - 0.458)
3 years after 5 years of survival	1,554	0.60 (0.575 - 0.627)	0.62 (0.59 - 0.644)
Age < 18
1 year	497	0.55 (0.507 - 0.596)	0.55 (0.507 - 0.596)
3 years	497	0.21 (0.17 - 0.244)	0.21 (0.17 - 0.244)
5 years	497	0.16 (0.125 - 0.193)	0.16 (0.125 - 0.193)
3 years after 1-year survival	260	0.30 (0.246 - 0.361)	0.30 (0.246 - 0.361)
3 years after 3 years of survival	87	0.73 (0.615 - 0.808)	0.73 (0.615 - 0.809)
3 years after 5 years of survival	59	0.84 (0.698 - 0.916)	0.84 (0.699 - 0.916)
Age 18 - 44
1 year	3,936	0.71 (0.699 - 0.728)	0.72 (0.7 - 0.729)
3 years	3,936	0.30 (0.285 - 0.316)	0.30 (0.287 - 0.317)
5 years	3,936	0.19 (0.179 - 0.207)	0.20* (0.181 - 0.209)
3 years after 1-year survival	2,616	0.33 (0.312 - 0.35)	0.33* (0.313 - 0.351)
3 years after 3 years of survival	953	0.55 (0.517 - 0.584)	0.56* (0.52 - 0.588)
3 years after 5 years of survival	522	0.67 (0.629 - 0.715)	0.68* (0.633 - 0.719)
Age 45 - 59
1 year	13,507	0.55 (0.545 - 0.562)	0.56 (0.548 - 0.565)
3 years	13,507	0.13 (0.124 - 0.136)	0.13 (0.126 - 0.139)
5 years	13,507	0.07 (0.06 - 0.069)	0.07 (0.062 - 0.072)
3 years after 1-year survival	6,979	0.16 (0.146 - 0.164)	0.16 (0.149 - 0.167)
3 years after 3 years of survival	1,420	0.41 (0.382 - 0.436)	0.42 (0.39 - 0.445)
3 years after 5 years of survival	608	0.59 (0.544 - 0.628)	0.60 (0.556 - 0.642)
Age 60 - 74
1 year	18,217	0.35 (0.345 - 0.359)	0.36 (0.35 - 0.365)
3 years	18,217	0.07 (0.063 - 0.071)	0.07 (0.066 - 0.075)
5 years	18,217	0.03 (0.027 - 0.033)	0.03 (0.029 - 0.035)
3 years after 1-year survival	5,893	0.12 (0.113 - 0.131)	0.13 (0.119 - 0.138)
3 years after 3 years of survival	932	0.32 (0.284 - 0.35)	0.34 (0.301 - 0.37)
3 years after 5 years of survival	332	0.49 (0.43 - 0.547)	0.52 (0.458 - 0.582)
Age > 75
1 year	8,914	0.12 (0.115 - 0.129)	0.13 (0.121 - 0.136)
3 years	8,914	0.02 (0.013 - 0.019)	0.02 (0.016 - 0.022)
5 years	8,914	0.01 (0.004 - 0.008)	0.01* (0.006 - 0.011)
3 years after 1-year survival	1,003	0.07 (0.056 - 0.091)	0.09 (0.066 - 0.108)
3 years after 3 years of survival	107	0.27 (0.185 - 0.368)	0.33* (0.223 - 0.446)
3 years after 5 years of survival	33	0.39 (0.215 - 0.558)	0.48* (0.253 - 0.67)

Table 2. Survival of Glioblastoma Patients With Conditional Survival According to Age

Years

No. of patients

Observed survival 95% CI (lower - upper)

Relative survival 95% CI (lower - upper)

*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval.

Overall

1 year

45,071

0.40 (0.396 - 0.405)

0.41 (0.402 - 0.411)

3 years

45,071

0.10 (0.095 - 0.101)

0.10 (0.099 - 0.105)

5 years

45,071

0.05 (0.049 - 0.054)

0.05 (0.052 - 0.057)

3 years after 1-year survival

16,751

0.17 (0.163 - 0.175)

0.17 (0.168 - 0.18)

3 years after 3 years of survival

3,499

0.43 (0.411 - 0.446)

0.44 (0.422 - 0.458)

3 years after 5 years of survival

1,554

0.60 (0.575 - 0.627)

0.62 (0.59 - 0.644)

Age < 18

1 year

497

0.55 (0.507 - 0.596)

3 years

497

0.21 (0.17 - 0.244)

5 years

497

0.16 (0.125 - 0.193)

3 years after 1-year survival

260

0.30 (0.246 - 0.361)

3 years after 3 years of survival

0.73 (0.615 - 0.808)

0.73 (0.615 - 0.809)

3 years after 5 years of survival

0.84 (0.698 - 0.916)

0.84 (0.699 - 0.916)

Age 18 - 44

1 year

3,936

0.71 (0.699 - 0.728)

0.72 (0.7 - 0.729)

3 years

3,936

0.30 (0.285 - 0.316)

0.30 (0.287 - 0.317)

5 years

3,936

0.19 (0.179 - 0.207)

0.20* (0.181 - 0.209)

3 years after 1-year survival

2,616

0.33 (0.312 - 0.35)

0.33* (0.313 - 0.351)

3 years after 3 years of survival

953

0.55 (0.517 - 0.584)

0.56* (0.52 - 0.588)

3 years after 5 years of survival

522

0.67 (0.629 - 0.715)

0.68* (0.633 - 0.719)

Age 45 - 59

1 year

13,507

0.55 (0.545 - 0.562)

0.56 (0.548 - 0.565)

3 years

13,507

0.13 (0.124 - 0.136)

0.13 (0.126 - 0.139)

5 years

13,507

0.07 (0.06 - 0.069)

0.07 (0.062 - 0.072)

3 years after 1-year survival

6,979

0.16 (0.146 - 0.164)

0.16 (0.149 - 0.167)

3 years after 3 years of survival

1,420

0.41 (0.382 - 0.436)

0.42 (0.39 - 0.445)

3 years after 5 years of survival

608

0.59 (0.544 - 0.628)

0.60 (0.556 - 0.642)

Age 60 - 74

1 year

18,217

0.35 (0.345 - 0.359)

0.36 (0.35 - 0.365)

3 years

18,217

0.07 (0.063 - 0.071)

0.07 (0.066 - 0.075)

5 years

18,217

0.03 (0.027 - 0.033)

0.03 (0.029 - 0.035)

3 years after 1-year survival

5,893

0.12 (0.113 - 0.131)

0.13 (0.119 - 0.138)

3 years after 3 years of survival

932

0.32 (0.284 - 0.35)

0.34 (0.301 - 0.37)

3 years after 5 years of survival

332

0.49 (0.43 - 0.547)

0.52 (0.458 - 0.582)

Age > 75

1 year

8,914

0.12 (0.115 - 0.129)

0.13 (0.121 - 0.136)

3 years

8,914

0.02 (0.013 - 0.019)

0.02 (0.016 - 0.022)

5 years

8,914

0.01 (0.004 - 0.008)

0.01* (0.006 - 0.011)

3 years after 1-year survival

1,003

0.07 (0.056 - 0.091)

0.09 (0.066 - 0.108)

3 years after 3 years of survival

107

0.27 (0.185 - 0.368)

0.33* (0.223 - 0.446)

3 years after 5 years of survival

0.39 (0.215 - 0.558)

0.48* (0.253 - 0.67)

**Table 3.** Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Age, Race, and Sex as Prognostic Factors
	Univariate	Multivariate
CI: confidence interval.
Age
60 - 74	Reference
< 18	0.51 (0.46 - 0.57)	0	0.52 (0.47 - 0.57)	0
18 - 44	0.42 (0.4 - 0.43)	0	0.42 (0.4 - 0.44)	0
45 - 59	0.67 (0.65 - 0.69)	0	0.67 (0.65 - 0.68)	0
≥ 75	2.09 (2.04 - 2.15)	0	2.1 (2.05 - 2.16)	0
Race
White	Reference
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.85 (0.73 - 1)	0.044	0.98 (0.84 - 1.14)	0.75
Asian or Pacific Islander	0.81 (0.78 - 0.85)	0	0.86 (0.82 - 0.9)	0
Black	0.93 (0.89 - 0.97)	0.001	1.03 (0.98 - 1.07)	0.24
Unknown	0.7 (0.56 - 0.87)	0.002	0.83 (0.66 - 1.03)	0.1
Sex
Male	Reference
Female	1.02 (1 - 1.04)	0.05	0.95 (0.94 - 0.97)	0

Table 3. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Age, Race, and Sex as Prognostic Factors

Univariate

Multivariate

Coefficients 95% CI (lower - upper)

P value

Coefficients 95% CI (lower - upper)

P value

CI: confidence interval.

Age

60 - 74

Reference

< 18

0.51 (0.46 - 0.57)

0.52 (0.47 - 0.57)

18 - 44

0.42 (0.4 - 0.43)

0.42 (0.4 - 0.44)

45 - 59

0.67 (0.65 - 0.69)

0.67 (0.65 - 0.68)

≥ 75

2.09 (2.04 - 2.15)

2.1 (2.05 - 2.16)

Race

White

Reference

American Indian/Alaska Native

0.85 (0.73 - 1)

0.044

0.98 (0.84 - 1.14)

0.75

Asian or Pacific Islander

0.81 (0.78 - 0.85)

0.86 (0.82 - 0.9)

Black

0.93 (0.89 - 0.97)

0.001

1.03 (0.98 - 1.07)

0.24

Unknown

0.7 (0.56 - 0.87)

0.002

0.83 (0.66 - 1.03)

0.1

Sex

Male

Reference

Female

1.02 (1 - 1.04)

0.05

0.95 (0.94 - 0.97)

**Table 4.** SMRs for Each Cancer COD Following Diagnosis of Glioblastoma
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
*Significant. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	25,235 (100)	55.64* (54.96 - 56.34)	13,910 (100)	63.85* (62.8 - 64.92)	792 (100)	13.76* (12.81 - 14.75)	39,937 (100)	54.79* (54.25 - 55.33)
Brain and other nervous system	21,833 (86.52)	7,018.98* (6,926.19 - 7,112.72)	12,746 (91.63)	6,981.68* (6,861 - 7,103.96)	656 (82.83)	1,389.83* (1,285.49 - 1,500.38)	35,235 (88.23)	6,515.11* (6,447.26 - 6,583.5)
Non-CNS cancers	427 (1.69)	3.56* (3.23 - 3.91)	203 (1.46)	3.31* (2.87 - 3.79)	27 (3.41)	1.78* (1.17 - 2.58)	657 (1.65)	3.34* (3.09 - 3.61)
Tongue	1	1.93 (0.05 - 10.73)	0	0 (0 - 12.4)	0	0 (0 - 48.7)	1	1.12 (0.03 - 6.24)
Oropharynx	1	4.8 (0.12 - 26.73)	0	0 (0 - 29.72)	0	0 (0 - 112.46)	1	2.74 (0.07 - 15.25)
Other oral cavity and pharynx	1	2.62 (0.07 - 14.58)	0	0 (0 - 17.86)	0	0 (0 - 77.66)	1	1.57 (0.04 - 8.76)
Small intestine	6	22.13* (8.12 - 48.16)	0	0 (0 - 25.48)	1	26.24 (0.66 - 146.2)	7	15.42* (6.2 - 31.77)
Colon excluding rectum	9	1.03 (0.47 - 1.96)	9	2.12 (0.97 - 4.02)	4	3.83* (1.04 - 9.81)	22	1.57 (0.98 - 2.38)
Rectum and rectosigmoid junction	2	0.98 (0.12 - 3.55)	1	0.9 (0.02 - 5.04)	1	3.54 (0.09 - 19.72)	4	1.17 (0.32 - 2.99)
Intrahepatic bile duct	1	0.9 (0.02 - 5.03)	0	0 (0 - 5.79)	1	5.62 (0.14 - 31.3)	2	1.04 (0.13 - 3.76)
Gallbladder	2	4.96 (0.6 - 17.9)	0	0 (0 - 17.6)	0	0 (0 - 67.97)	2	3 (0.36 - 10.82)
Pancreas	6	0.73 (0.27 - 1.6)	4	0.92 (0.25 - 2.35)	0	0 (0 - 3.26)	10	0.73 (0.35 - 1.35)
Lung and bronchus	38	1.05 (0.74 - 1.44)	15	0.82 (0.46 - 1.35)	4	0.93 (0.25 - 2.39)	57	0.97 (0.73 - 1.25)
Bones and joints	2	9.16* (1.11 - 33.07)	2	16.18* (1.96 - 58.44)	0	0 (0 - 109.53)	4	10.65* (2.9 - 27.26)
Soft tissue including heart	7	8.69* (3.49 - 17.91)	0	0 (0 - 8.01)	0	0 (0 - 30.18)	7	5.04* (2.03 - 10.39)
Melanoma of the skin	3	1.56 (0.32 - 4.56)	1	0.97 (0.02 - 5.41)	0	0 (0 - 14.89)	4	1.25 (0.34 - 3.2)
Other non-epithelial skin	2	2.85 (0.35 - 10.29)	0	0 (0 - 10.6)	0	0 (0 - 40.35)	2	1.75 (0.21 - 6.33)
Breast	17	2.67* (1.55 - 4.27)	8	2.17 (0.94 - 4.28)	0	0 (0 - 3.62)	25	2.26* (1.46 - 3.33)
Uterus	1	1.37 (0.03 - 7.63)	0	0 (0 - 8.59)	0	0 (0 - 29.31)	1	0.78 (0.02 - 4.34)
Ovary	6	2.48 (0.91 - 5.39)	2	1.47 (0.18 - 5.31)	1	2.74 (0.07 - 15.27)	9	2.17 (0.99 - 4.12)
Prostate	3	0.46 (0.1 - 1.35)	1	0.38 (0.01 - 2.1)	2	3.22 (0.39 - 11.61)	6	0.61 (0.23 - 1.34)
Urinary bladder	1	0.31 (0.01 - 1.73)	3	2.06 (0.42 - 6.02)	0	0 (0 - 10.07)	4	0.79 (0.22 - 2.03)
Kidney and renal pelvis	3	0.98 (0.2 - 2.87)	2	1.25 (0.15 - 4.52)	0	0 (0 - 9.47)	5	0.99 (0.32 - 2.31)
Other endocrine including thymus	8	52.24* (22.55 - 102.93)	9	98.41* (45 - 186.81)	0	0 (0 - 153.39)	17	63.28* (36.86 - 101.32)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	6	1.37 (0.5 - 2.98)	1	0.49 (0.01 - 2.7)	0	0 (0 - 7.37)	7	1.01 (0.41 - 2.08)
Myeloma	1	0.41 (0.01 - 2.31)	1	0.85 (0.02 - 4.72)	0	0 (0 - 12.46)	2	0.51 (0.06 - 1.86)
Acute myeloid leukemia	1	0.5 (0.01 - 2.78)	0	0 (0 - 3.55)	0	0 (0 - 13.95)	1	0.3 (0.01 - 1.68)
Chronic myeloid leukemia	1	4.59 (0.12 - 25.56)	0	0 (0 - 37.18)	0	0 (0 - 148.59)	1	2.92 (0.07 - 16.29)
Other myeloid/monocytic leukemia	1	5.88 (0.15 - 32.74)	1	12.29 (0.31 - 68.47)	0	0 (0 - 170.42)	2	7.32 (0.89 - 26.44)
Miscellaneous malignant cancer	297	32.48* (28.89 - 36.39)	138	30.30* (25.46-35.8)	11	9.76* (4.87 - 17.47)	446	30.09* (27.36 - 33.01)

Table 4. SMRs for Each Cancer COD Following Diagnosis of Glioblastoma

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

*Significant. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

25,235 (100)

55.64* (54.96 - 56.34)

13,910 (100)

63.85* (62.8 - 64.92)

792 (100)

13.76* (12.81 - 14.75)

39,937 (100)

54.79* (54.25 - 55.33)

Brain and other nervous system

21,833 (86.52)

7,018.98* (6,926.19 - 7,112.72)

12,746 (91.63)

6,981.68* (6,861 - 7,103.96)

656 (82.83)

1,389.83* (1,285.49 - 1,500.38)

35,235 (88.23)

6,515.11* (6,447.26 - 6,583.5)

Non-CNS cancers

427 (1.69)

3.56* (3.23 - 3.91)

203 (1.46)

3.31* (2.87 - 3.79)

27 (3.41)

1.78* (1.17 - 2.58)

657 (1.65)

3.34* (3.09 - 3.61)

Tongue

1.93 (0.05 - 10.73)

0 (0 - 12.4)

0 (0 - 48.7)

1.12 (0.03 - 6.24)

Oropharynx

4.8 (0.12 - 26.73)

0 (0 - 29.72)

0 (0 - 112.46)

2.74 (0.07 - 15.25)

Other oral cavity and pharynx

2.62 (0.07 - 14.58)

0 (0 - 17.86)

0 (0 - 77.66)

1.57 (0.04 - 8.76)

Small intestine

22.13* (8.12 - 48.16)

0 (0 - 25.48)

26.24 (0.66 - 146.2)

15.42* (6.2 - 31.77)

Colon excluding rectum

1.03 (0.47 - 1.96)

2.12 (0.97 - 4.02)

3.83* (1.04 - 9.81)

1.57 (0.98 - 2.38)

Rectum and rectosigmoid junction

0.98 (0.12 - 3.55)

0.9 (0.02 - 5.04)

3.54 (0.09 - 19.72)

1.17 (0.32 - 2.99)

Intrahepatic bile duct

0.9 (0.02 - 5.03)

0 (0 - 5.79)

5.62 (0.14 - 31.3)

1.04 (0.13 - 3.76)

Gallbladder

4.96 (0.6 - 17.9)

0 (0 - 17.6)

0 (0 - 67.97)

3 (0.36 - 10.82)

Pancreas

0.73 (0.27 - 1.6)

0.92 (0.25 - 2.35)

0 (0 - 3.26)

0.73 (0.35 - 1.35)

Lung and bronchus

1.05 (0.74 - 1.44)

0.82 (0.46 - 1.35)

0.93 (0.25 - 2.39)

0.97 (0.73 - 1.25)

Bones and joints

9.16* (1.11 - 33.07)

16.18* (1.96 - 58.44)

0 (0 - 109.53)

10.65* (2.9 - 27.26)

Soft tissue including heart

8.69* (3.49 - 17.91)

0 (0 - 8.01)

0 (0 - 30.18)

5.04* (2.03 - 10.39)

Melanoma of the skin

1.56 (0.32 - 4.56)

0.97 (0.02 - 5.41)

0 (0 - 14.89)

1.25 (0.34 - 3.2)

Other non-epithelial skin

2.85 (0.35 - 10.29)

0 (0 - 10.6)

0 (0 - 40.35)

1.75 (0.21 - 6.33)

Breast

2.67* (1.55 - 4.27)

2.17 (0.94 - 4.28)

0 (0 - 3.62)

2.26* (1.46 - 3.33)

Uterus

1.37 (0.03 - 7.63)

0 (0 - 8.59)

0 (0 - 29.31)

0.78 (0.02 - 4.34)

Ovary

2.48 (0.91 - 5.39)

1.47 (0.18 - 5.31)

2.74 (0.07 - 15.27)

2.17 (0.99 - 4.12)

Prostate

0.46 (0.1 - 1.35)

0.38 (0.01 - 2.1)

3.22 (0.39 - 11.61)

0.61 (0.23 - 1.34)

Urinary bladder

0.31 (0.01 - 1.73)

2.06 (0.42 - 6.02)

0 (0 - 10.07)

0.79 (0.22 - 2.03)

Kidney and renal pelvis

0.98 (0.2 - 2.87)

1.25 (0.15 - 4.52)

0 (0 - 9.47)

0.99 (0.32 - 2.31)

Other endocrine including thymus

52.24* (22.55 - 102.93)

98.41* (45 - 186.81)

0 (0 - 153.39)

63.28* (36.86 - 101.32)

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

1.37 (0.5 - 2.98)

0.49 (0.01 - 2.7)

0 (0 - 7.37)

1.01 (0.41 - 2.08)

Myeloma

0.41 (0.01 - 2.31)

0.85 (0.02 - 4.72)

0 (0 - 12.46)

0.51 (0.06 - 1.86)

Acute myeloid leukemia

0.5 (0.01 - 2.78)

0 (0 - 3.55)

0 (0 - 13.95)

0.3 (0.01 - 1.68)

Chronic myeloid leukemia

4.59 (0.12 - 25.56)

0 (0 - 37.18)

0 (0 - 148.59)

2.92 (0.07 - 16.29)

Other myeloid/monocytic leukemia

5.88 (0.15 - 32.74)

12.29 (0.31 - 68.47)

0 (0 - 170.42)

7.32 (0.89 - 26.44)

Miscellaneous malignant cancer

297

32.48* (28.89 - 36.39)

138

30.30* (25.46-35.8)

9.76* (4.87 - 17.47)

446

30.09* (27.36 - 33.01)

**Table 5.** SMRs for Each COD Following Diagnosis of Glioblastoma
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
*Significant. CI: confidence interval; COD: cause of death; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; no.: number of glioblastoma patients who died due to each cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	25,235 (100)	55.64* (54.96 - 56.34)	13,910 (100)	63.85* (62.8 - 64.92)	792 (100)	13.76* (12.81 - 14.75)	39,937 (100)	54.79* (54.25 - 55.33)
Brain and other nervous system	21,833 (86.52)	7,018.98* (6,926.19 - 7,112.72)	12,746 (91.63)	6,981.68* (6,861 - 7,103.96)	656 (82.83)	1,389.83* (1,285.49 - 1,500.38)	35,235 (88.23)	6,515.11* (6,447.26 - 6,583.5)
Non-CNS cancers	427 (1.69)	3.56* (3.23 - 3.91)	203 (1.46)	3.31* (2.87 - 3.79)	27 (3.41)	1.78* (1.17 - 2.58)	657 (1.65)	3.34* (3.09 - 3.61)
Non-cancer causes	2,975 (11.79)	9.00* (8.68 - 9.33)	961 (6.91)	6.21* (5.83 - 6.62)	109 (13.76)	2.60* (2.14 - 3.14)	4,045 (10.13)	7.68* (7.44 - 7.92)
Septicemia	65 (0.26)	9.94* (7.67 - 12.67)	26 (0.19)	8.13* (5.31 - 11.91)	4 (0.51)	4.67* (1.27 - 11.95)	95 (0.24)	8.97* (7.26 - 10.96)
Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV	35 (0.14)	7.26* (5.06 - 10.09)	14 (0.10)	4.86* (2.66 - 8.15)	4 (0.13)	1.41 (0.04 - 7.84)	50 (0.13)	5.94* (4.41 - 7.83)
Diabetes mellitus	37 (0.15)	2.49* (1.76 - 3.44)	6 (0.04)	0.8 (0.29 - 1.73)	3 (0.38)	1.54 (0.32 - 4.51)	46 (0.12)	1.89* (1.39 - 2.52)
Alzheimer’s (ICD-9 and 10 only)	13 (0.5)	1.15 (0.61 - 1.96)	3 (0.02)	0.79 (0.16 - 2.32)	1 (0.13)	0.78 (0.02 - 4.34)	17 (0.04)	1.04 (0.6 - 1.66)
Cardiovascular diseases	427 (1.69)	3.47* (3.15 - 3.81)	120 (0.86)	2.22* (1.84 - 2.65)	22 (2.78)	1.57 (0.98 - 2.38)	569 (1.42)	2.97* (2.73 - 3.23)
Cerebrovascular diseases	133 (0.53)	5.77* (4.83 - 6.84)	37 (0.27)	3.92* (2.76 - 5.41)	9 (1.14)	3.56* (1.63 - 6.76)	179 (0.45)	5.11* (4.39 - 5.92)
Pneumonia and influenza	50 (0.20)	5.51* (4.09 - 7.26)	16 (0.12)	4.35* (2.48 - 7.06)	4 (0.51)	4.02* (1.09 - 10.29)	70 (0.18)	5.09* (3.97 - 6.43)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions	50 (0.20)	1.73* (1.29 - 2.29)	10 (0.07)	0.75 (0.36 - 1.39)	3 (0.38)	0.86 (0.18 - 2.51)	63 (0.16)	1.38* (1.06 - 1.77)
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis	9 (0.4)	1.23 (0.56 - 2.33)	1 (0.01)	0.21 (0.01 - 1.17)	0 (0)	0 (0 - 2.9)	10 (0.03)	0.75 (0.36 - 1.38)
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis	23 (0.9)	2.83* (1.8 - 4.25)	3 (0.02)	0.82 (0.17 - 2.38)	2 (0.25)	2.03 (0.25 - 7.33)	28 (0.07)	2.19* (1.46 - 3.17)
Accidents and adverse effects	48 (0.19)	2.91* (2.15 - 3.86)	32 (0.23)	3.05* (2.09 - 4.3)	6 (0.76)	1.95 (0.72 - 4.24)	86 (0.22)	2.86* (2.29 - 3.54)
Suicide and self-inflicted injury	18 (0.07)	3.33* (1.98 - 5.27)	5 (0.04)	1.3 (0.42 - 3.03)	2 (0.25)	1.84 (0.22 - 6.66)	25 (0.06)	2.42* (1.57 - 3.57)
Other COD	2,067 (8.19)	28.93* (27.7 - 30.2)	688 (4.95)	20.28* (18.79 - 21.85)	52 (6.57)	5.39* (4.03 - 7.07)	2,807 (7.03)	24.40* (23.51 - 25.32)

Table 5. SMRs for Each COD Following Diagnosis of Glioblastoma

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no. (%)

SMR (95% CI)

*Significant. CI: confidence interval; COD: cause of death; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; no.: number of glioblastoma patients who died due to each cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

25,235 (100)

55.64* (54.96 - 56.34)

13,910 (100)

63.85* (62.8 - 64.92)

792 (100)

13.76* (12.81 - 14.75)

39,937 (100)

54.79* (54.25 - 55.33)

Brain and other nervous system

21,833 (86.52)

7,018.98* (6,926.19 - 7,112.72)

12,746 (91.63)

6,981.68* (6,861 - 7,103.96)

656 (82.83)

1,389.83* (1,285.49 - 1,500.38)

35,235 (88.23)

6,515.11* (6,447.26 - 6,583.5)

Non-CNS cancers

427 (1.69)

3.56* (3.23 - 3.91)

203 (1.46)

3.31* (2.87 - 3.79)

27 (3.41)

1.78* (1.17 - 2.58)

657 (1.65)

3.34* (3.09 - 3.61)

Non-cancer causes

2,975 (11.79)

9.00* (8.68 - 9.33)

961 (6.91)

6.21* (5.83 - 6.62)

109 (13.76)

2.60* (2.14 - 3.14)

4,045 (10.13)

7.68* (7.44 - 7.92)

Septicemia

65 (0.26)

9.94* (7.67 - 12.67)

26 (0.19)

8.13* (5.31 - 11.91)

4 (0.51)

4.67* (1.27 - 11.95)

95 (0.24)

8.97* (7.26 - 10.96)

Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV

35 (0.14)

7.26* (5.06 - 10.09)

14 (0.10)

4.86* (2.66 - 8.15)

4 (0.13)

1.41 (0.04 - 7.84)

50 (0.13)

5.94* (4.41 - 7.83)

Diabetes mellitus

37 (0.15)

2.49* (1.76 - 3.44)

6 (0.04)

0.8 (0.29 - 1.73)

3 (0.38)

1.54 (0.32 - 4.51)

46 (0.12)

1.89* (1.39 - 2.52)

Alzheimer’s (ICD-9 and 10 only)

13 (0.5)

1.15 (0.61 - 1.96)

3 (0.02)

0.79 (0.16 - 2.32)

1 (0.13)

0.78 (0.02 - 4.34)

17 (0.04)

1.04 (0.6 - 1.66)

Cardiovascular diseases

427 (1.69)

3.47* (3.15 - 3.81)

120 (0.86)

2.22* (1.84 - 2.65)

22 (2.78)

1.57 (0.98 - 2.38)

569 (1.42)

2.97* (2.73 - 3.23)

Cerebrovascular diseases

133 (0.53)

5.77* (4.83 - 6.84)

37 (0.27)

3.92* (2.76 - 5.41)

9 (1.14)

3.56* (1.63 - 6.76)

179 (0.45)

5.11* (4.39 - 5.92)

Pneumonia and influenza

50 (0.20)

5.51* (4.09 - 7.26)

16 (0.12)

4.35* (2.48 - 7.06)

4 (0.51)

4.02* (1.09 - 10.29)

70 (0.18)

5.09* (3.97 - 6.43)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions

50 (0.20)

1.73* (1.29 - 2.29)

10 (0.07)

0.75 (0.36 - 1.39)

3 (0.38)

0.86 (0.18 - 2.51)

63 (0.16)

1.38* (1.06 - 1.77)

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

9 (0.4)

1.23 (0.56 - 2.33)

1 (0.01)

0.21 (0.01 - 1.17)

0 (0)

0 (0 - 2.9)

10 (0.03)

0.75 (0.36 - 1.38)

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis

23 (0.9)

2.83* (1.8 - 4.25)

3 (0.02)

0.82 (0.17 - 2.38)

2 (0.25)

2.03 (0.25 - 7.33)

28 (0.07)

2.19* (1.46 - 3.17)

Accidents and adverse effects

48 (0.19)

2.91* (2.15 - 3.86)

32 (0.23)

3.05* (2.09 - 4.3)

6 (0.76)

1.95 (0.72 - 4.24)

86 (0.22)

2.86* (2.29 - 3.54)

Suicide and self-inflicted injury

18 (0.07)

3.33* (1.98 - 5.27)

5 (0.04)

1.3 (0.42 - 3.03)

2 (0.25)

1.84 (0.22 - 6.66)

25 (0.06)

2.42* (1.57 - 3.57)

Other COD

2,067 (8.19)

28.93* (27.7 - 30.2)

688 (4.95)

20.28* (18.79 - 21.85)

52 (6.57)

5.39* (4.03 - 7.07)

2,807 (7.03)

24.40* (23.51 - 25.32)

**Table 6.** SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Less Than 18 Years
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
*Significant. CNS: central nervous system; CI: confidence interval; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	199	1,078.06* (933.47 - 1,238.7)	178	719.51* (617.69 - 833.32)	10	80.32* (38.52 - 147.71)	387	695.44* (627.87 - 768.3)
Brain and other nervous system	175	69,250.02* (59,369.76 - 80,304.56)	162	59,108.81* (50,357.04 - 68,944.38)	8	3,776.22* (1,630.3 - 7,440.66)	345	46,708.06* (41,908.84 - 51,906.22)
Non-CNS cancers	2	298.42* (36.14 - 1,077.98)	1	124.72* (3.16 - 694.91)	1	149.49* (3.78 - 832.9)	4	186.83* (50.91 - 478.37)
Non-cancer causes	22	125.45* (78.62 - 189.94)	15	63.39* (35.48 - 104.55)	1	8.64 (0.22 - 48.16)	38	72.01* (50.96 - 98.84)
Other COD	22	204.81* (128.36 - 310.09)	14	96.30* (52.65 - 161.58)	1	28.39 (0.72 - 158.17)	37	128.47* (90.45 - 177.07)

Table 6. SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Less Than 18 Years

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

*Significant. CNS: central nervous system; CI: confidence interval; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

199

1,078.06* (933.47 - 1,238.7)

178

719.51* (617.69 - 833.32)

80.32* (38.52 - 147.71)

387

695.44* (627.87 - 768.3)

Brain and other nervous system

175

69,250.02* (59,369.76 - 80,304.56)

162

59,108.81* (50,357.04 - 68,944.38)

3,776.22* (1,630.3 - 7,440.66)

345

46,708.06* (41,908.84 - 51,906.22)

Non-CNS cancers

298.42* (36.14 - 1,077.98)

124.72* (3.16 - 694.91)

149.49* (3.78 - 832.9)

186.83* (50.91 - 478.37)

Non-cancer causes

125.45* (78.62 - 189.94)

63.39* (35.48 - 104.55)

8.64 (0.22 - 48.16)

72.01* (50.96 - 98.84)

Other COD

204.81* (128.36 - 310.09)

96.30* (52.65 - 161.58)

28.39 (0.72 - 158.17)

128.47* (90.45 - 177.07)

**Table 7.** SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Aged 18 - 44
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	1,018	178.09* (167.31 - 189.37)	1,759	201.55* (192.24 - 211.19)	231	35.24* (30.84 - 40.09)	3,008	143.24* (138.17 - 148.45)
Brain and other nervous system	892	13,968.74* (13,066.97 - 14,916.35)	1,624	16,662.90* (15,862.25 - 17,493.49)	202	2,606.53* (2,259.46 - 2,991.84)	2,718	11,381.13* (10,957.24 - 11,817.21)
Non-CNS cancers	15	19.95* (11.17 - 32.91)	27	21.37* (14.08 - 31.09)	7	5.44* (2.19 - 11.2)	49	14.83* (10.97 - 19.61)
Non-cancer causes	111	22.65* (18.63 - 27.28)	108	14.66* (12.03 - 17.7)	22	4.24* (2.66 - 6.42)	241	13.80* (12.12 - 15.66)
Septicemia	1	19.06 (0.48 - 106.22)	2	23.20* (2.81 - 83.8)	0	0 (0 - 47.55)	3	13.87* (2.86 - 40.54)
Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV	2	9.96* (1.21 - 35.99)	0	0 (0 - 13.99)	0	0 (0 - 26.11)	2	3.3 (0.4 - 11.93)
Diabetes mellitus	0	0 (0 - 28.35)	1	4.67 (0.12 - 26.04)	0	0 (0 - 18.48)	1	1.84 (0.05 - 10.25)
Cardiovascular diseases	2	2.38 (0.29 - 8.6)	8	5.88* (2.54 - 11.58)	1	0.82 (0.02 - 4.54)	11	3.21* (1.6 - 5.74)
Cerebrovascular diseases	3	24.52* (5.06 - 71.67)	2	10.21* (1.24 - 36.89)	5	30.17* (9.8 - 70.4)	10	20.67* (9.91 - 38)
Pneumonia and influenza	1	16.59 (0.42 - 92.42)	3	31.62* (6.52 - 92.41)	0	0 (0 - 47.06)	4	17.13* (4.67 - 43.85)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions	0	0 (0 - 70.67)	1	10.7 (0.27 - 59.64)	0	0 (0 - 27.75)	1	3.59 (0.09 - 20)
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis	1	5.03 (0.13 - 28)	0	0 (0 - 11.21)	0	0 (0 - 11.9)	1	1.19 (0.03 - 6.65)
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis	1	23.18 (0.59 - 129.17)	1	14.1 (0.36 - 78.56)	0	0 (0 - 57.98)	2	11.26* (1.36 - 40.66)
Accidents and adverse effects	2	1.37 (0.17 - 4.93)	4	1.88 (0.51 - 4.81)	4	3.35 (0.91 - 8.58)	10	2.09* (1 - 3.84)
Suicide and self-inflicted Injury	1	1.7 (0.04 - 9.46)	0	0 (0 - 4.34)	1	2.07 (0.05 - 11.54)	2	1.04 (0.13 - 3.76)
Other COD	97	84.69* (68.68 - 103.31)	86	51.26* (41 - 63.3)	11	9.86* (4.92 - 17.64)	194	49.25* (42.57 - 56.69)

Table 7. SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Aged 18 - 44

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

1,018

178.09* (167.31 - 189.37)

1,759

201.55* (192.24 - 211.19)

231

35.24* (30.84 - 40.09)

3,008

143.24* (138.17 - 148.45)

Brain and other nervous system

892

13,968.74* (13,066.97 - 14,916.35)

1,624

16,662.90* (15,862.25 - 17,493.49)

202

2,606.53* (2,259.46 - 2,991.84)

2,718

11,381.13* (10,957.24 - 11,817.21)

Non-CNS cancers

19.95* (11.17 - 32.91)

21.37* (14.08 - 31.09)

5.44* (2.19 - 11.2)

14.83* (10.97 - 19.61)

Non-cancer causes

111

22.65* (18.63 - 27.28)

108

14.66* (12.03 - 17.7)

4.24* (2.66 - 6.42)

241

13.80* (12.12 - 15.66)

Septicemia

19.06 (0.48 - 106.22)

23.20* (2.81 - 83.8)

0 (0 - 47.55)

13.87* (2.86 - 40.54)

Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV

9.96* (1.21 - 35.99)

0 (0 - 13.99)

0 (0 - 26.11)

3.3 (0.4 - 11.93)

Diabetes mellitus

0 (0 - 28.35)

4.67 (0.12 - 26.04)

0 (0 - 18.48)

1.84 (0.05 - 10.25)

Cardiovascular diseases

2.38 (0.29 - 8.6)

5.88* (2.54 - 11.58)

0.82 (0.02 - 4.54)

3.21* (1.6 - 5.74)

Cerebrovascular diseases

24.52* (5.06 - 71.67)

10.21* (1.24 - 36.89)

30.17* (9.8 - 70.4)

20.67* (9.91 - 38)

Pneumonia and influenza

16.59 (0.42 - 92.42)

31.62* (6.52 - 92.41)

0 (0 - 47.06)

17.13* (4.67 - 43.85)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions

0 (0 - 70.67)

10.7 (0.27 - 59.64)

0 (0 - 27.75)

3.59 (0.09 - 20)

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

5.03 (0.13 - 28)

0 (0 - 11.21)

0 (0 - 11.9)

1.19 (0.03 - 6.65)

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis

23.18 (0.59 - 129.17)

14.1 (0.36 - 78.56)

0 (0 - 57.98)

11.26* (1.36 - 40.66)

Accidents and adverse effects

1.37 (0.17 - 4.93)

1.88 (0.51 - 4.81)

3.35 (0.91 - 8.58)

2.09* (1 - 3.84)

Suicide and self-inflicted Injury

1.7 (0.04 - 9.46)

0 (0 - 4.34)

2.07 (0.05 - 11.54)

1.04 (0.13 - 3.76)

Other COD

84.69* (68.68 - 103.31)

51.26* (41 - 63.3)

9.86* (4.92 - 17.64)

194

49.25* (42.57 - 56.69)

**Table 8.** SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Aged 45 - 59
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	5,514	91.06* (88.67 - 93.49)	5,854	105.85* (103.16 - 108.6)	338	16.37* (14.67 - 18.21)	11,706	85.75* (84.2 - 87.32)
Brain and other nervous system	4,908	6,990.19* (6,795.98 - 7,188.54)	5,398	8,538.69* (8,312.41 - 8,769.57)	282	1,296.23* (1,149.34 - 1,456.69)	10,588	6,822.78* (6,693.43 - 6,953.99)
Non-CNS cancers	87	5.04* (4.04 - 6.22)	82	5.03* (4 - 6.24)	12	1.86 (0.96 - 3.26)	181	4.52* (3.89 - 5.23)
Non-cancer causes	519	12.18* (11.16 - 13.28)	374	9.75* (8.79 - 10.79)	44	3.14* (2.28 - 4.22)	937	9.87* (9.25 - 10.52)
Septicemia	12	15.12* (7.81 - 26.4)	10	13.09* (6.28 - 24.07)	2	6.3 (0.76 - 22.74)	24	12.80* (8.2 - 19.04)
Other infectious and parasitic diseases including HIV	10	6.59* (3.16 - 12.12)	9	7.19* (3.29 - 13.66)	1	2.92 (0.07 - 16.27)	20	6.43* (3.93 - 9.93)
Diabetes mellitus	4	1.87 (0.51 - 4.78)	1	0.5 (0.01 - 2.77)	2	2.48 (0.3 - 8.95)	7	1.41 (0.57 - 2.91)
Cardiovascular diseases	61	4.25* (3.25 - 5.46)	46	3.55* (2.6 - 4.74)	9	1.84 (0.84 - 3.49)	116	3.60* (2.98 - 4.32)
Cerebrovascular diseases	35	18.64* (12.98 - 25.92)	14	8.00* (4.37 - 13.43)	2	2.74 (0.33 - 9.88)	51	11.70* (8.71 - 15.39)
Pneumonia and influenza	6	8.22* (3.02 - 17.9)	3	4.31 (0.89 - 12.61)	2	6.85 (0.83 - 24.75)	11	6.41* (3.2 - 11.46)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions	5	2.45 (0.79 - 5.71)	2	0.93 (0.11 - 3.37)	1	0.91 (0.02 - 5.07)	8	1.51 (0.65 - 2.98)
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis	2	0.76 (0.09 - 2.74)	1	0.44 (0.01 - 2.43)	0	0 (0 - 5.54)	3	0.54 (0.11 - 1.57)
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis	4	5.51 (1.5 - 14.1)	2	2.83 (0.34 - 10.22)	0	0 (0 - 11.46)	6	3.42* (1.25 - 7.44)
Accidents and adverse effects	8	1.61 (0.7 - 3.18)	13	3.15* (1.68 - 5.39)	1	0.95 (0.02 - 5.29)	22	2.17* (1.36 - 3.28)
Suicide and self-inflicted injury	5	2.3 (0.75 - 5.37)	0	0 (0 - 2.08)	1	2.38 (0.06 - 13.26)	6	1.37 (0.5 - 2.99)
Other COD	367	42.86* (38.59 - 47.48)	273	35.01* (30.98 - 39.42)	23	7.81* (4.95 - 11.72)	663	34.34* (31.78 - 37.06)

Table 8. SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Aged 45 - 59

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

5,514

91.06* (88.67 - 93.49)

5,854

105.85* (103.16 - 108.6)

338

16.37* (14.67 - 18.21)

11,706

85.75* (84.2 - 87.32)

Brain and other nervous system

4,908

6,990.19* (6,795.98 - 7,188.54)

5,398

8,538.69* (8,312.41 - 8,769.57)

282

1,296.23* (1,149.34 - 1,456.69)

10,588

6,822.78* (6,693.43 - 6,953.99)

Non-CNS cancers

5.04* (4.04 - 6.22)

5.03* (4 - 6.24)

1.86 (0.96 - 3.26)

181

4.52* (3.89 - 5.23)

Non-cancer causes

519

12.18* (11.16 - 13.28)

374

9.75* (8.79 - 10.79)

3.14* (2.28 - 4.22)

937

9.87* (9.25 - 10.52)

Septicemia

15.12* (7.81 - 26.4)

13.09* (6.28 - 24.07)

6.3 (0.76 - 22.74)

12.80* (8.2 - 19.04)

Other infectious and parasitic diseases including HIV

6.59* (3.16 - 12.12)

7.19* (3.29 - 13.66)

2.92 (0.07 - 16.27)

6.43* (3.93 - 9.93)

Diabetes mellitus

1.87 (0.51 - 4.78)

0.5 (0.01 - 2.77)

2.48 (0.3 - 8.95)

1.41 (0.57 - 2.91)

Cardiovascular diseases

4.25* (3.25 - 5.46)

3.55* (2.6 - 4.74)

1.84 (0.84 - 3.49)

116

3.60* (2.98 - 4.32)

Cerebrovascular diseases

18.64* (12.98 - 25.92)

8.00* (4.37 - 13.43)

2.74 (0.33 - 9.88)

11.70* (8.71 - 15.39)

Pneumonia and influenza

8.22* (3.02 - 17.9)

4.31 (0.89 - 12.61)

6.85 (0.83 - 24.75)

6.41* (3.2 - 11.46)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions

2.45 (0.79 - 5.71)

0.93 (0.11 - 3.37)

0.91 (0.02 - 5.07)

1.51 (0.65 - 2.98)

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

0.76 (0.09 - 2.74)

0.44 (0.01 - 2.43)

0 (0 - 5.54)

0.54 (0.11 - 1.57)

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis

5.51 (1.5 - 14.1)

2.83 (0.34 - 10.22)

0 (0 - 11.46)

3.42* (1.25 - 7.44)

Accidents and adverse effects

1.61 (0.7 - 3.18)

3.15* (1.68 - 5.39)

0.95 (0.02 - 5.29)

2.17* (1.36 - 3.28)

Suicide and self-inflicted injury

2.3 (0.75 - 5.37)

0 (0 - 2.08)

2.38 (0.06 - 13.26)

1.37 (0.5 - 2.99)

Other COD

367

42.86* (38.59 - 47.48)

273

35.01* (30.98 - 39.42)

7.81* (4.95 - 11.72)

663

34.34* (31.78 - 37.06)

**Table 9.** SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Aged 60 - 74
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	10,980	59.65* (58.54 - 60.78)	5,168	48.97* (47.65 - 50.33)	190	8.41* (7.26 - 9.7)	16,338	52.34* (51.54 - 53.14)
Brain and other nervous system	9,612	5,860.12* (5,743.54 - 5,978.46)	4,723	5,127.27* (4,982.08 - 5,275.63)	150	943.46* (798.52 - 1,107.1)	14,485	5,324.62* (5,238.26 - 5,412.05)
Non-CNS cancers	179	2.96* (2.54 - 3.42)	75	2.21* (1.74 - 2.77)	7	1.1 (0.44 - 2.26)	261	2.59* (2.28 - 2.92)
Non-cancer causes	1,189	9.76* (9.21 - 10.33)	370	5.24* (4.72 - 5.8)	33	2.06 (1.41 - 2.89)	1,592	7.63* (7.26 - 8.02)
Septicemia	31	11.24* (7.64 - 15.95)	12	7.32* (3.78 - 12.78)	2	5.56 (0.67 - 20.08)	45	9.46* (6.9 - 12.65)
Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV	14	7.59* (4.15 - 12.73)	4	3.80* (1.04 - 9.74)	0	0 (0 - 20.24)	18	5.85* (3.47 - 9.24)
Diabetes mellitus	17	2.43* (1.42 - 3.9)	3	0.76 (0.16 - 2.21)	1	1.3 (0.03 - 7.24)	21	1.79* (1.11 - 2.74)
Alzheimer (ICD-9 and 10 only)	4	2.29 (0.62 - 5.86)	0	0 (0 - 2.81)	1	1.57 (0.04 - 8.75)	5	1.35 (0.44 - 3.16)
Cardiovascular diseases	180	3.85* (3.31 - 4.46)	44	1.70* (1.23 - 2.28)	7	1.27 (0.51 - 2.62)	231	2.95* (2.59 - 3.36)
Cerebrovascular diseases	46	6.04* (4.42 - 8.05)	17	3.82* (2.22 - 6.11)	2	1.8 (0.22 - 6.5)	65	4.93* (3.8 - 6.28)
Pneumonia and influenza	20	7.06* (4.31 - 10.91)	7	4.15* (1.67 - 8.56)	2	4.88 (0.59 - 17.63)	29	5.89* (3.94 - 8.45)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions	22	1.70* (1.06 - 2.57)	6	0.78 (0.29 - 1.69)	2	1.1 (0.13 - 3.98)	30	1.33 (0.9 - 1.9)
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis	4	1.15 (0.31 - 2.95)	0	0 (0 - 1.95)	0	0 (0 - 13.37)	4	0.71 (0.19 - 1.82)
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis	9	2.88* (1.32 - 5.47)	0	0 (0 - 1.97)	1	2.28 (0.06 - 12.7)	10	1.84 (0.88 - 3.38)
Accidents and adverse effects	24	4.55* (2.92 - 6.78)	14	4.64* (2.54 - 7.79)	1	1.72 (0.04 - 9.6)	39	4.40* (3.13 - 6.01)
Suicide and self-inflicted injury	11	5.65* (2.82 - 10.11)	4	3.82* (1.04 - 9.78)	0	0 (0 - 25.31)	15	4.78* (2.67 - 7.88)
Other COD	807	32.84* (30.61 - 35.18)	259	17.19* (15.16 - 19.42)	14	3.66* (2 - 6.13)	1,080	24.85* (23.39 - 26.37)

Table 9. SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Aged 60 - 74

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

10,980

59.65* (58.54 - 60.78)

5,168

48.97* (47.65 - 50.33)

190

8.41* (7.26 - 9.7)

16,338

52.34* (51.54 - 53.14)

Brain and other nervous system

9,612

5,860.12* (5,743.54 - 5,978.46)

4,723

5,127.27* (4,982.08 - 5,275.63)

150

943.46* (798.52 - 1,107.1)

14,485

5,324.62* (5,238.26 - 5,412.05)

Non-CNS cancers

179

2.96* (2.54 - 3.42)

2.21* (1.74 - 2.77)

1.1 (0.44 - 2.26)

261

2.59* (2.28 - 2.92)

Non-cancer causes

1,189

9.76* (9.21 - 10.33)

370

5.24* (4.72 - 5.8)

2.06 (1.41 - 2.89)

1,592

7.63* (7.26 - 8.02)

Septicemia

11.24* (7.64 - 15.95)

7.32* (3.78 - 12.78)

5.56 (0.67 - 20.08)

9.46* (6.9 - 12.65)

Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV

7.59* (4.15 - 12.73)

3.80* (1.04 - 9.74)

0 (0 - 20.24)

5.85* (3.47 - 9.24)

Diabetes mellitus

2.43* (1.42 - 3.9)

0.76 (0.16 - 2.21)

1.3 (0.03 - 7.24)

1.79* (1.11 - 2.74)

Alzheimer (ICD-9 and 10 only)

2.29 (0.62 - 5.86)

0 (0 - 2.81)

1.57 (0.04 - 8.75)

1.35 (0.44 - 3.16)

Cardiovascular diseases

180

3.85* (3.31 - 4.46)

1.70* (1.23 - 2.28)

1.27 (0.51 - 2.62)

231

2.95* (2.59 - 3.36)

Cerebrovascular diseases

6.04* (4.42 - 8.05)

3.82* (2.22 - 6.11)

1.8 (0.22 - 6.5)

4.93* (3.8 - 6.28)

Pneumonia and influenza

7.06* (4.31 - 10.91)

4.15* (1.67 - 8.56)

4.88 (0.59 - 17.63)

5.89* (3.94 - 8.45)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions

1.70* (1.06 - 2.57)

0.78 (0.29 - 1.69)

1.1 (0.13 - 3.98)

1.33 (0.9 - 1.9)

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

1.15 (0.31 - 2.95)

0 (0 - 1.95)

0 (0 - 13.37)

0.71 (0.19 - 1.82)

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis

2.88* (1.32 - 5.47)

0 (0 - 1.97)

2.28 (0.06 - 12.7)

1.84 (0.88 - 3.38)

Accidents and adverse effects

4.55* (2.92 - 6.78)

4.64* (2.54 - 7.79)

1.72 (0.04 - 9.6)

4.40* (3.13 - 6.01)

Suicide and self-inflicted injury

5.65* (2.82 - 10.11)

3.82* (1.04 - 9.78)

0 (0 - 25.31)

4.78* (2.67 - 7.88)

Other COD

807

32.84* (30.61 - 35.18)

259

17.19* (15.16 - 19.42)

3.66* (2 - 6.13)

1,080

24.85* (23.39 - 26.37)

**Table 10.** SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Older Than 75
	Deaths by time after diagnosis	Total deaths
*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; no.: number of glioblastoma patients who died due to each cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.
All CODs	7,524	37.07* (36.23 - 37.92)	951	19.80 (18.56 - 21.1)	23	3.00* (1.9 - 4.51)	8,498	32.85* (32.16 - 33.56)
Brain and other nervous system	6,246	8,899.80* (8,680.44 - 9,123.31)	839	4,875.13* (4,550.79 - 5,216.48)	14	883.76* (483.16 - 1,482.79)	7,099	7,978.62* (7,794.09 - 8,166.42)
Non-CNS cancers	144	3.48* (2.93 - 4.09)	18	1.82* (1.08 - 2.88)	0	0 (0 - 3.34)	162	3.09* (2.64 - 3.61)
Non-cancer causes	1,134	7.05* (6.64 - 7.47)	94	2.47* (2 - 3.03)	9	1.38 (0.63 - 2.61)	1,237	6.02* (5.69 - 6.37)
Septicemia	21	7.17* (4.44 - 10.96)	2	2.83 (0.34 - 10.21)	0	0 (0 - 36.47)	23	6.15* (3.9 - 9.23)
Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV	9	7.16* (3.27 - 13.59)	1	3.18 (0.08 - 17.74)	0	0 (0 - 83.7)	10	6.19* (2.97 - 11.39)
Diabetes mellitus	16	2.87* (1.64 - 4.66)	1	0.75 (0.02 - 4.18)	0	0 (0 - 22.31)	17	2.40* (1.4 - 3.85)
Alzheimer (ICD-9 and 10 only)	9	0.95 (0.43 - 1.8)	3	1.27 (0.26 - 3.7)	0	0 (0 - 6.8)	12	0.97 (0.5 - 1.69)
Cardiovascular diseases	184	3.00* (2.59 - 3.47)	22	1.58 (0.99 - 2.4)	5	2.09 (0.68 - 4.88)	211	2.72* (2.37 - 3.11)
Cerebrovascular diseases	49	3.65 (2.7 - 4.82)	4	1.32 (0.36 - 3.38)	0	0 (0 - 7.12)	53	3.12* (2.34 - 4.08)
Pneumonia and influenza	23	4.21* (2.67 - 6.32)	2	1.66 (0.2 - 6.01)	0	0 (0 - 17.23)	25	3.64* (2.35 - 5.37)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions	23	1.67* (1.06 - 2.51)	1	0.3 (0.01 - 1.69)	0	0 (0 - 8.38)	24	1.37 (0.88 - 2.04)
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis	2	1.98 (0.24 - 7.14)	0	0 (0 - 14.91)	0	0 (0 - 179.64)	2	1.56 (0.19 - 5.64)
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis	9	2.13 (0.98 - 4.05)	0	0 (0 - 3.6)	1	6.22 (0.16 - 34.64)	10	1.85 (0.89 - 3.4)
Accidents and adverse effects	14	2.96* (1.62 - 4.96)	1	0.86 (0.02 - 4.78)	0	0 (0 - 18.45)	15	2.46* (1.38 - 4.06)
Suicide and self-inflicted injury	1	1.47 (0.04 - 8.19)	1	6.07 (0.15 - 33.82)	0	0 (0 - 227.31)	2	2.32 (0.28 - 8.39)
Other COD	774	20.89 (19.44 - 22.41)	56	6.06* (4.57 - 7.86)	3	1.74 (0.36 - 5.1)	833	17.34* (16.19 - 18.56)

Table 10. SMRs for Each COD Following Glioblastoma Diagnosis in Patients Older Than 75

Deaths by time after diagnosis

Total deaths

< 1 year

1 - 5 years

> 5 years

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

Observed no.

SMR (95% CI)

*Significant P value less than 0.05. CI: confidence interval; CNS: central nervous system; COD: cause of death; no.: number of glioblastoma patients who died due to each cause of death; SMR: standardized mortality ratio.

All CODs

7,524

37.07* (36.23 - 37.92)

951

19.80 (18.56 - 21.1)

3.00* (1.9 - 4.51)

8,498

32.85* (32.16 - 33.56)

Brain and other nervous system

6,246

8,899.80* (8,680.44 - 9,123.31)

839

4,875.13* (4,550.79 - 5,216.48)

883.76* (483.16 - 1,482.79)

7,099

7,978.62* (7,794.09 - 8,166.42)

Non-CNS cancers

144

3.48* (2.93 - 4.09)

1.82* (1.08 - 2.88)

0 (0 - 3.34)

162

3.09* (2.64 - 3.61)

Non-cancer causes

1,134

7.05* (6.64 - 7.47)

2.47* (2 - 3.03)

1.38 (0.63 - 2.61)

1,237

6.02* (5.69 - 6.37)

Septicemia

7.17* (4.44 - 10.96)

2.83 (0.34 - 10.21)

0 (0 - 36.47)

6.15* (3.9 - 9.23)

Other infectious and parasitic diseases, including HIV

7.16* (3.27 - 13.59)

3.18 (0.08 - 17.74)

0 (0 - 83.7)

6.19* (2.97 - 11.39)

Diabetes mellitus

2.87* (1.64 - 4.66)

0.75 (0.02 - 4.18)

0 (0 - 22.31)

2.40* (1.4 - 3.85)

Alzheimer (ICD-9 and 10 only)

0.95 (0.43 - 1.8)

1.27 (0.26 - 3.7)

0 (0 - 6.8)

0.97 (0.5 - 1.69)

Cardiovascular diseases

184

3.00* (2.59 - 3.47)

1.58 (0.99 - 2.4)

2.09 (0.68 - 4.88)

211

2.72* (2.37 - 3.11)

Cerebrovascular diseases

3.65 (2.7 - 4.82)

1.32 (0.36 - 3.38)

0 (0 - 7.12)

3.12* (2.34 - 4.08)

Pneumonia and influenza

4.21* (2.67 - 6.32)

1.66 (0.2 - 6.01)

0 (0 - 17.23)

3.64* (2.35 - 5.37)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions

1.67* (1.06 - 2.51)

0.3 (0.01 - 1.69)

0 (0 - 8.38)

1.37 (0.88 - 2.04)

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

1.98 (0.24 - 7.14)

0 (0 - 14.91)

0 (0 - 179.64)

1.56 (0.19 - 5.64)

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis

2.13 (0.98 - 4.05)

0 (0 - 3.6)

6.22 (0.16 - 34.64)

1.85 (0.89 - 3.4)

Accidents and adverse effects

2.96* (1.62 - 4.96)

0.86 (0.02 - 4.78)

0 (0 - 18.45)

2.46* (1.38 - 4.06)

Suicide and self-inflicted injury

1.47 (0.04 - 8.19)

6.07 (0.15 - 33.82)

0 (0 - 227.31)

2.32 (0.28 - 8.39)

Other COD

774

20.89 (19.44 - 22.41)

6.06* (4.57 - 7.86)

1.74 (0.36 - 5.1)

833

17.34* (16.19 - 18.56)