J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 12, December 2025, pages 688-697

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders Among Patients Diagnosed With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Figure 2. Barriers to mental health treatment among IBC patients. The most significant barrier to mental health treatment was concern about medication side effects (40.2%), followed by fear of stigma (8.7%) and cost concerns (6.5%) (n = 92). IBD: inflammatory bowel disease.

Figure 3. Clustered screening results for depression and anxiety categories among 92 IBD patients. Of the IBD patients screened, 19.6% screened positive for depressive symptoms using the PHQ-2, while 46.7% reported anxiety symptoms using the GAD-7, with 17.4% experiencing severe anxiety. GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2.

Figure 4. Relationship between clinical diagnosis and psychiatric treatment use among IBD patients. Among the study participants, a large majority of those who had not been diagnosed with anxiety or depression (95.4%) had also received psychiatric treatment, whereas more than half of those who had a clinical diagnosis (57.7%) had received psychiatric treatment. IBD: inflammatory bowel disease.

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants (n = 92)
	Frequency	Percent
Sex
Female	36	39.1
Male	56	60.9
Total	92	100.0
Nationality
Saudi	83	90.2
Other	9	9.8
Total	92	100.0
Educational level
Elementary	5	5.4
High school	26	28.3
Diploma	11	12.0
Bachelor’s	42	45.7
Master’s	8	8.7
Total	92	100.0
Smoking
No	74	80.4
Yes	18	19.6
Total	92	100.0

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants (n = 92)

Frequency

Percent

Sex

Female

39.1

Male

60.9

Total

100.0

Nationality

Saudi

90.2

Other

9.8

Total

100.0

Educational level

Elementary

5.4

High school

28.3

Diploma

12.0

Bachelor’s

45.7

Master’s

8.7

Total

100.0

Smoking

80.4

Yes

19.6

Total

100.0

**Table 2.** Clinical Characteristics
	Frequency	Percent
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease.
Phenotype
Ulcerative colitis	67	72.8
Crohn’s disease	25	27.2
Duration of the disease
Less than 6 months	6	6.5
6 months to 1 year	11	12.0
1 to 3 years	25	27.2
3 to 5 years	16	17.4
More than 5 years	34	37.0
Status of the disease
Inactive	48	52.2
Active	44	47.8
Last flare-up
Less than 3 months	38	41.3
Less than 6 months	20	21.7
Steroid use
No	32	34.8
Yes	60	65.2
Biological treatment use
No	30	32.6
Yes	62	67.4
Biological therapy
Never	29	31.5
1	16	17.4
2	9	9.8
3	5	5.4
Other	33	35.9
Surgical intervention to treat IBD complications
No	87	94.6
Yes	5	5.4

Table 2. Clinical Characteristics

Frequency

Percent

IBD: inflammatory bowel disease.

Phenotype

Ulcerative colitis

72.8

Crohn’s disease

27.2

Duration of the disease

Less than 6 months

6.5

6 months to 1 year

12.0

1 to 3 years

27.2

3 to 5 years

17.4

More than 5 years

37.0

Status of the disease

Inactive

52.2

Active

47.8

Last flare-up

Less than 3 months

41.3

Less than 6 months

21.7

Steroid use

34.8

Yes

65.2

Biological treatment use

32.6

Yes

67.4

Biological therapy

Never

31.5

17.4

9.8

5.4

Other

35.9

Surgical intervention to treat IBD complications

94.6

Yes

5.4

**Table 3.** Prevalence of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Use
	Frequency	Percent
Diagnosed with a depression disorder or anxiety disorder
No	78	84.8
Yes	14	15.2
Total	92	100.0
Received psychiatric treatment
No	80	87.0
Yes	12	13.0
Total	92	100.0
Currently taking psychiatric meds
No	79	85.9
Yes	13	14.1
Total	92	100.0

Table 3. Prevalence of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Use

Frequency

Percent

Diagnosed with a depression disorder or anxiety disorder

84.8

Yes

15.2

Total

100.0

Received psychiatric treatment

87.0

Yes

13.0

Total

100.0

Currently taking psychiatric meds

85.9

Yes

14.1

Total

100.0

**Table 4.** Multivariable Logistic Regression: Predictors of Clinical Diagnosis of Anxiety or Depression
Variable	P-value	OR (Exp(B))	95% CI
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.
Nationality (Saudi vs. other)	0.035	40.151	1.30 - 1241.79
Sex (male)	0.161	5.102	0.52 - 49.93
Smoking	0.184	4.152	0.51 - 33.99
surgical intervention	.159	13.830	0.358 - 534.16

Table 4. Multivariable Logistic Regression: Predictors of Clinical Diagnosis of Anxiety or Depression

Variable

P-value

OR (Exp(B))

95% CI

CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.

Nationality (Saudi vs. other)

0.035

40.151

1.30 - 1241.79

Sex (male)

0.161

5.102

0.52 - 49.93

Smoking

0.184

4.152

0.51 - 33.99

surgical intervention

.159

13.830

0.358 - 534.16

**Table 5.** Logistic Regression: Predictors of Positive PHQ-2 Screening for Depression
Variable	P-value	OR (Exp(B))	95% CI
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2.
Smoking (yes)	0.072	5.041	0.865 - 29.379
Last flare < 3 months	0.055	7.513	0.960 - 58.808
Disease status (active)	0.132	0.233	0.035 - 1.547
Sex (male)	0.363	2.105	0.423 - 10.48

Table 5. Logistic Regression: Predictors of Positive PHQ-2 Screening for Depression

Variable

P-value

OR (Exp(B))

95% CI

CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2.

Smoking (yes)

0.072

5.041

0.865 - 29.379

Last flare < 3 months

0.055

7.513

0.960 - 58.808

Disease status (active)

0.132

0.233

0.035 - 1.547

Sex (male)

0.363

2.105

0.423 - 10.48

**Table 6.** Binary Logistic Regression: Any Level of Anxiety Compared to No Anxiety (Based on GAD-7)
Predictor	P-value	OR (Exp(B))	95% CI
CI: confidence interval; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale; OR: odds ratio.
Disease duration (< 6 months)	0.017	0.024	0.001 - 0.508
Disease duration (6 months - 1 year)	0.043	0.120	0.015 - 0.932
Disease duration (1 - 3 years)	0.011	0.089	0.014 - 0.580
Last flare-up (< 3 months)	0.012	17.424	1.85 - 163.88

Table 6. Binary Logistic Regression: Any Level of Anxiety Compared to No Anxiety (Based on GAD-7)

Predictor

P-value

OR (Exp(B))

95% CI

CI: confidence interval; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale; OR: odds ratio.

Disease duration (< 6 months)

0.017

0.024

0.001 - 0.508

Disease duration (6 months - 1 year)

0.043

0.120

0.015 - 0.932

Disease duration (1 - 3 years)

0.011

0.089

0.014 - 0.580

Last flare-up (< 3 months)

0.012

17.424

1.85 - 163.88