J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 12, December 2025, pages 708-715

Plasma Level of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Provides Insight Into Statin Response, But Not Into Left Ventricular Dysfunction in New Unstable Angina

Figure 1. Calibration curve for SDF-1 assay. The coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.990, indicating a strong positive linear relationship and a high accuracy in predicting the outcome. SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1.

Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for SDF-1 test in statin-treated and -untreated patients. The curve (blue line) is closer to the upper left corner indicating high accuracy of differentiation between the two groups. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.791, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.679 - 0.903; and P value < 0.001. SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1.

**Table 1.** Data for SDF-1 Calibration Curve: Duplicate Optical Density Readings (R1 and R2) for Blank and Standard Serial Dilutions (S1-S6)
	Concentration (pg/mL)	R1	R2	Mean	SD	CV	CV%
CV: coefficient of variation; SD: standard deviation; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1.
Blank	0	0.124	0.133	0.129	0.006	0.050	5.00
S1	125	0.182	0.184	0.183	0.001	0.008	0.80
S2	250	0.265	0.232	0.249	0.023	0.094	9.40
S3	500	0.410	0.497	0.454	0.062	0.136	13.60
S4	1,000	1.060	0.900	0.980	0.113	0.115	11.50
S5	2,000	1.600	1.800	1.700	0.141	0.083	8.30
S6	4,000	2.800	2.900	2.850	0.071	0.025	2.50

Table 1. Data for SDF-1 Calibration Curve: Duplicate Optical Density Readings (R1 and R2) for Blank and Standard Serial Dilutions (S1-S6)

Concentration (pg/mL)

Mean

CV%

CV: coefficient of variation; SD: standard deviation; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1.

Blank

0.124

0.133

0.129

0.006

0.050

5.00

125

0.182

0.184

0.183

0.001

0.008

0.80

250

0.265

0.232

0.249

0.023

0.094

9.40

500

0.410

0.497

0.454

0.062

0.136

13.60

1,000

1.060

0.900

0.980

0.113

0.115

11.50

2,000

1.600

1.800

1.700

0.141

0.083

8.30

4,000

2.800

2.900

2.850

0.071

0.025

2.50

**Table 2.** Degree of Severity of UA Based on Number of Coronary Arteries Affected and Degree of Occlusion Expressed as Frequencies and Percentages
Grade of stenosis	Main coronary arteries
Absent	94	87.0	13	12.1	60	55.6	55	50.9
Mild	2	1.9	27	25.0	5	4.5	4	3.7
Moderate	8	7.3	16	14.8	10	9.3	12	11.2
Severe	2	1.9	15	13.8	11	10.2	9	8.3
Very severe	2	1.9	37	34.3	22	20.4	28	25.9
UA: unstable angina.
26	14	61	7	108
24.1	13.0	56.5	6.5	100

Table 2. Degree of Severity of UA Based on Number of Coronary Arteries Affected and Degree of Occlusion Expressed as Frequencies and Percentages

Grade of stenosis

Main coronary arteries

Left main trunk (LM)

Left anterior descending (LAD)

Left circumflex (LCX)

Right coronary (RC)

Absent

87.0

12.1

55.6

50.9

Mild

1.9

25.0

4.5

3.7

Moderate

7.3

14.8

9.3

11.2

Severe

1.9

13.8

10.2

8.3

Very severe

1.9

34.3

20.4

25.9

Degree of severity of UA

Mild

Moderate

Severe

Very severe

Total

UA: unstable angina.

108

24.1

13.0

56.5

6.5

100

**Table 3.** Coefficient of Determination (R²) Values of Linear Regression Analysis Between Sociodemographic Features, Risk Factors, and Associated Comorbidities (Predictor Variables), and Plasma SDF-1 Levels (pg/mL) (Dependent Variable) in Severe UA Patients (n = 61)
Model	Predictor	Value	R²
Data of age, weight, height, and BMI were presented as mean ± SD. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value was presented as mean ± SEM. Data of gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia were presented as frequencies and percentages. For dyslipidemia, Y/N equals LDL-C categories of 100 - 250 and < 100 mg/dL, respectively. *P < 0.05. SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1.
1	Gender (M/F)	48/13 (78.7/21.3%)	0.002
2	Age (years)	57.62 ± 9.31	0.003
3	Weight (kg)	78.33 ± 17.15	0.015
4	Height (cm)	163.35 ± 14.39	0.016
5	BMI	28.21 ± 4.51	0.018
6	Smoking (Y/N)	10/51 (16.4/83.6%)	0.018
7	Hypertension (Y/N)	42/19 (68.9/31.1%)	0.022
8	DM (Y/N)	32/29 (52.5/47.5%)	0.000
9	LVEF value	51.03 ± 1.54	0.018
10	Dyslipidemia (Y/N)	29/32 (47.5/52.5%)	0.212*

Table 3. Coefficient of Determination (R²) Values of Linear Regression Analysis Between Sociodemographic Features, Risk Factors, and Associated Comorbidities (Predictor Variables), and Plasma SDF-1 Levels (pg/mL) (Dependent Variable) in Severe UA Patients (n = 61)

Model

Predictor

Value

R²

Data of age, weight, height, and BMI were presented as mean ± SD. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value was presented as mean ± SEM. Data of gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia were presented as frequencies and percentages. For dyslipidemia, Y/N equals LDL-C categories of 100 - 250 and < 100 mg/dL, respectively. *P < 0.05. SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1.

Gender (M/F)

48/13 (78.7/21.3%)

0.002

Age (years)

57.62 ± 9.31

0.003

Weight (kg)

78.33 ± 17.15

0.015

Height (cm)

163.35 ± 14.39

0.016

BMI

28.21 ± 4.51

0.018

Smoking (Y/N)

10/51 (16.4/83.6%)

0.018

Hypertension (Y/N)

42/19 (68.9/31.1%)

0.022

DM (Y/N)

32/29 (52.5/47.5%)

0.000

LVEF value

51.03 ± 1.54

0.018

Dyslipidemia (Y/N)

29/32 (47.5/52.5%)

0.212*

**Table 4.** Plasma Levels of SDF-1 (pg/mL) in the Different Age Groups, Gender Categories, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) Categories, Troponin Peak Levels, Statin Therapy Groups, and Antiplatelet Therapy Groups in Severe UA Patients (n = 61)
	Plasma SDF-1
Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1; SEM: standard error of the mean.
Age
< 60 years old (n = 37)	2,224.96 ± 257.34
≥ 60 years old (n = 24)	2,139.46 ± 348.29
Troponin peak level (ng/mL)
Normal 0.04 to < 0.12 (n = 42)	2,218.12 ± 232.91
Mild increase 0.12 to < 10 (n = 19)	2,132.09 ± 424.98
Gender
M (n = 48)	2,228.05 ± 249.71
F (n = 13)	2,055.72 ± 302.74
Statin therapy
Yes (n = 29)	1,512.45 ± 125.28*
No (n = 32)	2,806.50 ± 343.52
LVEF category
Normal 55-70% (n = 34)	2,377.65 ± 342.83
Severe impairment < 35% (n = 27)	1,956.63 ± 171.90
Antiplatelet therapy
Clopidogrel (n = 48)	2,203.33 ± 251.30
Ticagrelor (n = 13)	2,146.97 ± 286.14

Table 4. Plasma Levels of SDF-1 (pg/mL) in the Different Age Groups, Gender Categories, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) Categories, Troponin Peak Levels, Statin Therapy Groups, and Antiplatelet Therapy Groups in Severe UA Patients (n = 61)

Plasma SDF-1

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1; SEM: standard error of the mean.

Age

< 60 years old (n = 37)

2,224.96 ± 257.34

≥ 60 years old (n = 24)

2,139.46 ± 348.29

Troponin peak level (ng/mL)

Normal 0.04 to < 0.12 (n = 42)

2,218.12 ± 232.91

Mild increase 0.12 to < 10 (n = 19)

2,132.09 ± 424.98

Gender

M (n = 48)

2,228.05 ± 249.71

F (n = 13)

2,055.72 ± 302.74

Statin therapy

Yes (n = 29)

1,512.45 ± 125.28*

No (n = 32)

2,806.50 ± 343.52

LVEF category

Normal 55-70% (n = 34)

2,377.65 ± 342.83

Severe impairment < 35% (n = 27)

1,956.63 ± 171.90

Antiplatelet therapy

Clopidogrel (n = 48)

2,203.33 ± 251.30

Ticagrelor (n = 13)

2,146.97 ± 286.14