J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 18, Number 5, May 2026, pages 326-335

Obesity Severity Differentially Shapes Diabetes-Related Impairment in Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Propensity Score–Weighted Analysis of Middle-Aged Adults

↓ **Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Participants According to Obesity–Diabetes Phenotype
Variable	None DM	DM	P value
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and the χ² test for categorical variables. Treatment includes antihypertensive and cardiometabolic medications (β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, CCBs, and diuretics), and does not refer exclusively to antidiabetic therapy. ^aParticipants may receive more than one type of medication; therefore, counts for individual medication categories are not mutually exclusive. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ANOVA: analysis of variance; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Age (years)	29.8 ± 8.0	28.5 ± 8.3	34.9 ± 10.7	31.7 ± 9.0	< 0.001
Female sex, n (%)	72 (28)	101 (45)	204 (74)	120 (48)	< 0.001
Height (cm)	168.6 ± 9.6	169.4 ± 8.8	169.8 ± 8.7	169.1 ± 8.0	0.49
Body weight (kg)	88.4 ± 11.0	118.3 ± 19.2	82.3 ± 12.5	116.1 ± 18.1	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	31.1 ± 2.8	41.1 ± 4.9	28.5 ± 3.0	40.5 ± 4.6	< 0.001
Lean body mass (kg)	53.5 ± 10.3	64.1 ± 12.7	56.7 ± 9.4	63.7 ± 11.8	< 0.001
Duration of diabetes (years)	-	-	3.3 ± 4.5	1.0 ± 2.0	-
Family history of diabetes, n (%)	24 (9)	0 (0)	96 (35)	45 (20)	< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.6 ± 0.5	4.8 ± 0.4	8.6 ± 2.9	8.4 ± 3.0	< 0.001
2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	5.9 ± 1.6	7.3 ± 1.6	15.5 ± 4.2	14.0 ± 4.1	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.5 ± 0.3	8.9 ± 2.5	8.6 ± 3.9	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.5 ± 0.7	1.9 ± 0.8	2.5 ± 2.0	2.6 ± 2.0	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.1 ± 0.8	5.7 ± 0.9	4.6 ± 1.1	5.2 ± 1.0	0.040
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.2	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.4 ± 0.6	2.7 ± 0.8	2.5 ± 0.9	2.9 ± 0.9	0.70
Hypertension, n (%)	48 (18)	78 (35)	124 (45)	130 (58)	< 0.001
Pulmonary diseases, n (%)	148 (57)	155 (70)	196 (71)	105 (47)	< 0.001
Current smoking, n (%)	0 (0)	8 (4)	56 (20)	20 (9)	< 0.001
Treatment (cardiometabolic medications)^a, n (%)	76 (29)	64 (29)	76 (28)	60 (24)	0.555
β-blocker, n (%)	26 (10)	18 (8)	24 (9)	0 (0)	< 0.001
ACE inhibitor, n (%)	39 (15)	31 (14)	28 (10)	15 (7)	0.018
CCB, n (%)	18 (7)	15 (7)	32 (12)	50 (22)	< 0.001
Diuretic, n (%)	31 (12)	28 (13)	28 (10)	10 (4)	0.015

↓ Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants According to Obesity–Diabetes Phenotype

Variable

None DM

P value

Moderate obesity (24 ≤ BMI < 35) (n = 213)

Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) (n = 190)

Moderate obesity (24 ≤ BMI < 35) (n = 215)

Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) (n = 205)

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and the χ² test for categorical variables. Treatment includes antihypertensive and cardiometabolic medications (β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, CCBs, and diuretics), and does not refer exclusively to antidiabetic therapy. ^aParticipants may receive more than one type of medication; therefore, counts for individual medication categories are not mutually exclusive. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ANOVA: analysis of variance; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Age (years)

29.8 ± 8.0

28.5 ± 8.3

34.9 ± 10.7

31.7 ± 9.0

< 0.001

Female sex, n (%)

72 (28)

101 (45)

204 (74)

120 (48)

< 0.001

Height (cm)

168.6 ± 9.6

169.4 ± 8.8

169.8 ± 8.7

169.1 ± 8.0

0.49

Body weight (kg)

88.4 ± 11.0

118.3 ± 19.2

82.3 ± 12.5

116.1 ± 18.1

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

31.1 ± 2.8

41.1 ± 4.9

28.5 ± 3.0

40.5 ± 4.6

< 0.001

Lean body mass (kg)

53.5 ± 10.3

64.1 ± 12.7

56.7 ± 9.4

63.7 ± 11.8

< 0.001

Duration of diabetes (years)

3.3 ± 4.5

1.0 ± 2.0

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

24 (9)

0 (0)

96 (35)

45 (20)

< 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

4.6 ± 0.5

4.8 ± 0.4

8.6 ± 2.9

8.4 ± 3.0

< 0.001

2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

5.9 ± 1.6

7.3 ± 1.6

15.5 ± 4.2

14.0 ± 4.1

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.3 ± 0.3

5.5 ± 0.3

8.9 ± 2.5

8.6 ± 3.9

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.7

1.9 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 2.0

2.6 ± 2.0

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.1 ± 0.8

5.7 ± 0.9

4.6 ± 1.1

5.2 ± 1.0

0.040

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.4 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 0.9

0.70

Hypertension, n (%)

48 (18)

78 (35)

124 (45)

130 (58)

< 0.001

Pulmonary diseases, n (%)

148 (57)

155 (70)

196 (71)

105 (47)

< 0.001

Current smoking, n (%)

0 (0)

8 (4)

56 (20)

20 (9)

< 0.001

Treatment (cardiometabolic medications)^a, n (%)

76 (29)

64 (29)

76 (28)

60 (24)

0.555

β-blocker, n (%)

26 (10)

18 (8)

24 (9)

0 (0)

< 0.001

ACE inhibitor, n (%)

39 (15)

31 (14)

28 (10)

15 (7)

0.018

CCB, n (%)

18 (7)

15 (7)

32 (12)

50 (22)

< 0.001

Diuretic, n (%)

31 (12)

28 (13)

28 (10)

10 (4)

0.015

↓ **Table 2.** Unadjusted Cardiopulmonary Exercise Variables Across Obesity–Diabetes Phenotypes
Variable	None DM	DM	P value
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Variables with missing data exceeding 10% (peak respiratory rate, breathing reserve, and peak blood pressure) were not included as covariates in the propensity score weighting models. Missing values were handled using multiple imputation, and sensitivity analyses comparing original and imputed datasets yielded consistent results. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallis test, as appropriate. P values were calculated using the original dataset. For most variables, results were consistent after multiple imputation. Breathing reserve was the only variable showing discrepant significance (original dataset: P = 0.191; after imputation: P < 0.001) and should therefore be interpreted with caution. Implausible values were identified based on predefined physiological ranges and set to missing prior to analysis. Peak VO₂: maximal oxygen consumption; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VE: minute ventilation; VCO₂: carbon dioxide output; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation.
MVV (L/min)	93.5 ± 34.1	103.8 ± 28.2	97.4 ± 30.8	96.0 ± 29.7	0.004
Forced vital capacity (L)	3.6 ± 1.1	3.8 ± 0.9	3.6 ± 0.8	3.5 ± 0.7	< 0.001
FEV₁ (L)	3.0 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.7	0.004
FEV₁/FVC (%)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.355
Resting heart rate (beats/min)	93.5 ± 14.1	95.2 ± 12.7	86.0 ± 12.8	96.1 ± 11.5	< 0.001
Resting systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	122.7 ± 17.1	128.2 ± 21.2	131.2 ± 26.5	138.3 ± 14.8	< 0.001
Resting diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	83.8 ± 10.6	85.8 ± 16.1	82.2 ± 12.2	92.6 ± 10.1	< 0.001
Peak RER	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	< 0.001
Peak VO₂ (L/min)	1.7 ± 0.4	2.0 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.4	2.0 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)	18.5 ± 3.8	16.9 ± 3.3	17.9 ± 3.5	16.8 ± 3.0	< 0.001
Peak metabolic equivalents (METs)	5.7 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 0.9	5.2 ± 1.0	5.1 ± 0.9	< 0.001
Peak work rate (W)	136.6 ± 37.3	158.2 ± 41.9	125.7 ± 33.8	151.2 ± 40.6	< 0.001
Peak work rate (W/kg)	1.5 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Peak ventilation (L/min)	53.3 ± 12.3	61.0 ± 16.2	48.8 ± 12.8	58.5 ± 15.3	< 0.001
Peak VCO₂ (L/min)	2.0 ± 0.5	2.3 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.6	< 0.001
Peak respiratory rate (breaths/min)	32.6 ± 5.6	34.6 ± 8.3	30.1 ± 5.7	34.4 ± 8.3	< 0.001
Breathing reserve (%)	69.3 ± 20.9	67.3 ± 19.5	70.9 ± 20.1	66.7 ± 22.2	0.191
VE/VCO₂ slope	26.7 ± 2.3	26.3 ± 2.3	27.3 ± 2.9	26.0 ± 2.9	< 0.001
VO₂ at anaerobic threshold (L/min)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Peak O₂ pulse (mL/beat)	11.1 ± 2.7	14.6 ± 5.1	10.5 ± 2.2	13.4 ± 3.0	< 0.001
ΔVO₂/ΔWork rate (mL/min/W)	12.3 ± 1.5	12.8 ± 1.5	11.7 ± 1.8	13.2 ± 1.8	< 0.001
Peak heart rate (beats/min)	152.7 ± 15.2	149.6 ± 15.7	144.7 ± 21.4	147.0 ± 12.8	< 0.001
Percent predicted maximal heart rate (%)	80 ± 11	81 ± 14	80 ± 5	80 ± 10	0.001
Peak systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	176.3 ± 25.8	195.8 ± 26.0	179.4 ± 34.3	193.3 ± 27.7	< 0.001
Peak diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	85.1 ± 18.7	89.8 ± 17.9	87.3 ± 17.4	93.2 ± 14.4	< 0.001

↓ Table 2. Unadjusted Cardiopulmonary Exercise Variables Across Obesity–Diabetes Phenotypes

Variable

None DM

P value

Moderate obesity (24 ≤ BMI < 35) (n = 213)

Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) (n = 190)

Moderate obesity (24 ≤ BMI < 35) (n = 215)

Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) (n = 205)

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Variables with missing data exceeding 10% (peak respiratory rate, breathing reserve, and peak blood pressure) were not included as covariates in the propensity score weighting models. Missing values were handled using multiple imputation, and sensitivity analyses comparing original and imputed datasets yielded consistent results. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallis test, as appropriate. P values were calculated using the original dataset. For most variables, results were consistent after multiple imputation. Breathing reserve was the only variable showing discrepant significance (original dataset: P = 0.191; after imputation: P < 0.001) and should therefore be interpreted with caution. Implausible values were identified based on predefined physiological ranges and set to missing prior to analysis. Peak VO₂: maximal oxygen consumption; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VE: minute ventilation; VCO₂: carbon dioxide output; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation.

MVV (L/min)

93.5 ± 34.1

103.8 ± 28.2

97.4 ± 30.8

96.0 ± 29.7

0.004

Forced vital capacity (L)

3.6 ± 1.1

3.8 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.8

3.5 ± 0.7

< 0.001

FEV₁ (L)

3.0 ± 0.9

3.1 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.7

0.004

FEV₁/FVC (%)

0.8 ± 0.1

0.355

Resting heart rate (beats/min)

93.5 ± 14.1

95.2 ± 12.7

86.0 ± 12.8

96.1 ± 11.5

< 0.001

Resting systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

122.7 ± 17.1

128.2 ± 21.2

131.2 ± 26.5

138.3 ± 14.8

< 0.001

Resting diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

83.8 ± 10.6

85.8 ± 16.1

82.2 ± 12.2

92.6 ± 10.1

< 0.001

Peak RER

1.1 ± 0.1

< 0.001

Peak VO₂ (L/min)

1.7 ± 0.4

2.0 ± 0.5

1.4 ± 0.4

2.0 ± 0.5

< 0.001

Peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min)

18.5 ± 3.8

16.9 ± 3.3

17.9 ± 3.5

16.8 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Peak metabolic equivalents (METs)

5.7 ± 1.1

5.1 ± 0.9

5.2 ± 1.0

5.1 ± 0.9

< 0.001

Peak work rate (W)

136.6 ± 37.3

158.2 ± 41.9

125.7 ± 33.8

151.2 ± 40.6

< 0.001

Peak work rate (W/kg)

1.5 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

< 0.001

Peak ventilation (L/min)

53.3 ± 12.3

61.0 ± 16.2

48.8 ± 12.8

58.5 ± 15.3

< 0.001

Peak VCO₂ (L/min)

2.0 ± 0.5

2.3 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.4

2.3 ± 0.6

< 0.001

Peak respiratory rate (breaths/min)

32.6 ± 5.6

34.6 ± 8.3

30.1 ± 5.7

34.4 ± 8.3

< 0.001

Breathing reserve (%)

69.3 ± 20.9

67.3 ± 19.5

70.9 ± 20.1

66.7 ± 22.2

0.191

VE/VCO₂ slope

26.7 ± 2.3

26.3 ± 2.3

27.3 ± 2.9

26.0 ± 2.9

< 0.001

VO₂ at anaerobic threshold (L/min)

1.1 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.3

< 0.001

Peak O₂ pulse (mL/beat)

11.1 ± 2.7

14.6 ± 5.1

10.5 ± 2.2

13.4 ± 3.0

< 0.001

ΔVO₂/ΔWork rate (mL/min/W)

12.3 ± 1.5

12.8 ± 1.5

11.7 ± 1.8

13.2 ± 1.8

< 0.001

Peak heart rate (beats/min)

152.7 ± 15.2

149.6 ± 15.7

144.7 ± 21.4

147.0 ± 12.8

< 0.001

Percent predicted maximal heart rate (%)

80 ± 11

81 ± 14

80 ± 5

80 ± 10

0.001

Peak systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

176.3 ± 25.8

195.8 ± 26.0

179.4 ± 34.3

193.3 ± 27.7

< 0.001

Peak diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

85.1 ± 18.7

89.8 ± 17.9

87.3 ± 17.4

93.2 ± 14.4

< 0.001

↓ **Table 3.** Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: PSW-Adjusted Main Effects on Peak VO₂ (L/min)
Group	Peak VO₂ (mean ± SE)
Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE), predicted values with 95% confidence intervals, or regression coefficients, as appropriate. All analyses were conducted using propensity score weighting to balance baseline covariates across obesity–diabetes phenotypes. Predicted values were derived from a propensity score–weighted linear regression model including a BMI × diabetes interaction term (P for interaction < 0.001). Predicted values and regression estimates were derived from the same propensity score–weighted linear regression model including BMI category, T2DM status, their interaction term, and all covariates. Medication classes were encoded as separate binary indicators because treatment categories were not mutually exclusive. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; PSW: propensity score weighting; VO₂: oxygen uptake. The footnote applies to Tables 3–7.
Moderate obesity, no DM	1.69 ± 0.03
Severe obesity, no DM	1.95 ± 0.04
Moderate obesity, DM	1.44 ± 0.02
Severe obesity, DM	1.95 ± 0.03

↓ Table 3. Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: PSW-Adjusted Main Effects on Peak VO₂ (L/min)

Group

Peak VO₂ (mean ± SE)

Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE), predicted values with 95% confidence intervals, or regression coefficients, as appropriate. All analyses were conducted using propensity score weighting to balance baseline covariates across obesity–diabetes phenotypes. Predicted values were derived from a propensity score–weighted linear regression model including a BMI × diabetes interaction term (P for interaction < 0.001). Predicted values and regression estimates were derived from the same propensity score–weighted linear regression model including BMI category, T2DM status, their interaction term, and all covariates. Medication classes were encoded as separate binary indicators because treatment categories were not mutually exclusive. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; PSW: propensity score weighting; VO₂: oxygen uptake. The footnote applies to Tables 3–7.

Moderate obesity, no DM

1.69 ± 0.03

Severe obesity, no DM

1.95 ± 0.04

Moderate obesity, DM

1.44 ± 0.02

Severe obesity, DM

1.95 ± 0.03

↓ **Table 4.** Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: BMI × DM Interaction: Predicted Peak VO₂ (L/min)
BMI category	Diabetes status	Predicted peak VO₂ (95% CI)
Moderate obesity	No DM	1.54 (1.50–1.58)
Severe obesity	No DM	1.74 (1.68–1.80)
Moderate obesity	DM	1.12 (1.05–1.18)
Severe obesity	DM	1.72 (1.67–1.77)

↓ Table 4. Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: BMI × DM Interaction: Predicted Peak VO₂ (L/min)

BMI category

Diabetes status

Predicted peak VO₂ (95% CI)

Moderate obesity

No DM

1.54 (1.50–1.58)

Severe obesity

No DM

1.74 (1.68–1.80)

Moderate obesity

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

Severe obesity

1.72 (1.67–1.77)

↓ **Table 5.** Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: Full PSW-Adjusted Interaction Model for Peak VO₂ (L/min)
Term	Estimate (β)	Std. error	95% CI	P value
Intercept	0.3073	0.1308	(0.0509, 0.5637)	0.019
Severe obesity	0.0187	0.0339	(−0.0478, 0.0851)	0.582
T2DM	−0.2186	0.0412	(−0.2993, −0.1379)	< 0.001
Age	−0.0019	0.0014	(−0.0048, 0.0009)	0.186
Sex (male)	−0.0482	0.0523	(−0.1507, 0.0543)	0.357
Smoking	−0.0799	0.0530	(−0.1838, 0.0240)	0.132
Hypertension	0.0009	0.0273	(−0.0526, 0.0544)	0.974
β-blocker use (yes)	−0.0111	0.044	(−0.0974, 0.0752)	0.801
ACEI use (yes)	−0.0121	0.0337	(−0.0781, 0.0539)	0.719
CCB use (yes)	0.0485	0.0293	(−0.0089, 0.1059)	0.098
Diuretic use (yes)	−0.0332	0.033	(−0.1578, 0.0286)	0.062
Diabetes duration	−0.0145	0.0061	(−0.0265, −0.0026)	0.017
Lean body mass	0.0271	0.0025	(0.0222, 0.0320)	< 0.001
Severe obesity × T2DM	0.2785	0.0540	(0.1727, 0.3843)	< 0.001

↓ Table 5. Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: Full PSW-Adjusted Interaction Model for Peak VO₂ (L/min)

Term

Estimate (β)

Std. error

95% CI

P value

Intercept

0.3073

0.1308

(0.0509, 0.5637)

0.019

Severe obesity

0.0187

0.0339

(−0.0478, 0.0851)

0.582

T2DM

−0.2186

0.0412

(−0.2993, −0.1379)

< 0.001

Age

−0.0019

0.0014

(−0.0048, 0.0009)

0.186

Sex (male)

−0.0482

0.0523

(−0.1507, 0.0543)

0.357

Smoking

−0.0799

0.0530

(−0.1838, 0.0240)

0.132

Hypertension

0.0009

0.0273

(−0.0526, 0.0544)

0.974

β-blocker use (yes)

−0.0111

0.044

(−0.0974, 0.0752)

0.801

ACEI use (yes)

−0.0121

0.0337

(−0.0781, 0.0539)

0.719

CCB use (yes)

0.0485

0.0293

(−0.0089, 0.1059)

0.098

Diuretic use (yes)

−0.0332

0.033

(−0.1578, 0.0286)

0.062

Diabetes duration

−0.0145

0.0061

(−0.0265, −0.0026)

0.017

Lean body mass

0.0271

0.0025

(0.0222, 0.0320)

< 0.001

Severe obesity × T2DM

0.2785

0.0540

(0.1727, 0.3843)

< 0.001

↓ **Table 6.** Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: Weighted Correlation With Peak VO₂ (L/min)
Variable	Weighted r	P value
2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	−0.27	< 0.001
Lean body mass (kg)	0.7	< 0.001

↓ Table 6. Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: Weighted Correlation With Peak VO₂ (L/min)

Variable

Weighted r

P value

2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

−0.27

< 0.001

Lean body mass (kg)

0.7

< 0.001

↓ **Table 7.** Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: Weighted Linear Regression for Peak VO₂ (L/min)
Variable	Estimate	Std. error	t value	P value
Intercept	−0.13	0.09	−1.47	0.143
2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	−0.01	0	−6.63	< 0.001
Lean body mass (kg)	0.04	0	27.21	< 0.001
Age (years)	0	0	−1.55	0.121
Sex (reference: female)	-	-	-	-

↓ Table 7. Propensity Score–Weighted Outcome Analyses: Weighted Linear Regression for Peak VO₂ (L/min)

Variable

Estimate

Std. error

t value

P value

Intercept

−0.13

0.09

−1.47

0.143

2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

−0.01

−6.63

< 0.001

Lean body mass (kg)

0.04

27.21

< 0.001

Age (years)

−1.55

0.121

Sex (reference: female)