J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jocmr.elmerjournals.com

Original Article

Volume 18, Number 4, April 2026, pages 243-250

Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study at a Tertiary University Hospital

↓ Figure 1. Differences in age and morbidities between individuals with and without AKI. AKI patients were older (a) and more likely to suffer from morbidities such as AH (b), HF (c), CAD (d), and DM (e). AKI: acute kidney injury; AH: arterial hypertension; HF: heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus.

↓ Figure 2. Laboratory differences between AKI patients and patients without acute kidney dysfunction. Urine pH was lower in AKI patients (a), while initial CRP (b), maximum CRP values (c), maximum PCT (d), PCT at discharge (e), and initial myoglobin (f) were significantly higher. AKI: acute kidney injury; PCT: procalcitonin; CRP: C-reactive protein.

↓ **Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of All Included Subjects
Variable	Result
BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin; CK: creatine kinase; SD: standard deviation.
Gender (female), %	37
Age (years), mean ± SD	67 ± 19.4
BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD	28.3 ± 7.1
In-hospital stay (days), mean ± SD	17.4 ± 14.1
In-hospital survival, %	81
Days between admission and diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis, mean ± SD	0.6 ± 0.9
Rhabdomyolysis–etiology, %
Ischemia	23.6
Trauma	10.9
Infection	9.1
Drug-associated (statin-associated)	7.3 (27.4% of drug-associated cases)
Autoimmune-mediated	3.6
Unknown	45.5
Rhabdomyolysis–management, %
Volume administration	13.73
Surgery	7.84
Antibiotics	1.96
Combined	68.63
Resolution of rhabdomyolysis, %	58
Acute kidney injury (AKI), %	60
AKI stage, %
I	25
II	36.7
III	38.3
AKI–etiology, %
Drug-associated	33.3
Infection/sepsis	21.7
Post-surgery	8.3
Pre-renal	6.7
Cardiorenal	5
Obstruction	1.7
Combined	23.3
Kidney replacement therapy (KRT), %	12
KRT at discharge (alive or death), %	6
Recovery of kidney function (ROKF) (complete and incomplete), %	49
Laboratory findings
Initial eGFR (mL/min), mean ± SD	53.3 ± 31.7
Minimal eGFR (mL/min), mean ± SD	42.7 ± 32.2
eGFR at discharge (mL/min), ± SD	66.4 ± 35.2
Initial sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD	136.4 ± 6.5
Maximum sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD	141.8 ± 6.5
Sodium at discharge (mmol/L), mean ± SD	138.8 ± 6
Initial CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD	81 ± 94.3
Maximum CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD	190.6 ± 237.7
At discharge CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD	56.7 ± 66.7
Initial PCT (ng/mL), mean ± SD)	8.4 ± 29.6
Maximum PCT (ng/mL), mean ± SD	9 ± 23
At discharge PCT (ng/mL), mean ± SD	1.3 ± 2.9
Initial CK (U/L)	2,987.2 ± 5,178.4
Maximum CK (U/L)	4,314.4 ± 6,029.1
Initial myoglobin (µg/L), mean ± SD	4,190.5 ± 7,257
Maximum myoglobin (µg/L), mean ± SD	4,609 ± 7,437.4
Urine pH, mean ± SD	5.7 ± 0.8
Morbidities (%)
Arterial hypertension	85
Diabetes mellitus	34
Coronary artery disease	24
Heart failure	27
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	18
Obesity	37
Smoking	51
History of neoplasia	25

↓ Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of All Included Subjects

Variable

Result

BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin; CK: creatine kinase; SD: standard deviation.

Gender (female), %

Age (years), mean ± SD

67 ± 19.4

BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD

28.3 ± 7.1

In-hospital stay (days), mean ± SD

17.4 ± 14.1

In-hospital survival, %

Days between admission and diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis, mean ± SD

0.6 ± 0.9

Rhabdomyolysis–etiology, %

Ischemia

23.6

Trauma

10.9

Infection

9.1

Drug-associated (statin-associated)

7.3 (27.4% of drug-associated cases)

Autoimmune-mediated

3.6

Unknown

45.5

Rhabdomyolysis–management, %

Volume administration

13.73

Surgery

7.84

Antibiotics

1.96

Combined

68.63

Resolution of rhabdomyolysis, %

Acute kidney injury (AKI), %

AKI stage, %

36.7

III

38.3

AKI–etiology, %

Drug-associated

33.3

Infection/sepsis

21.7

Post-surgery

8.3

Pre-renal

6.7

Cardiorenal

Obstruction

1.7

Combined

23.3

Kidney replacement therapy (KRT), %

KRT at discharge (alive or death), %

Recovery of kidney function (ROKF) (complete and incomplete), %

Laboratory findings

Initial eGFR (mL/min), mean ± SD

53.3 ± 31.7

Minimal eGFR (mL/min), mean ± SD

42.7 ± 32.2

eGFR at discharge (mL/min), ± SD

66.4 ± 35.2

Initial sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD

136.4 ± 6.5

Maximum sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD

141.8 ± 6.5

Sodium at discharge (mmol/L), mean ± SD

138.8 ± 6

Initial CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD

81 ± 94.3

Maximum CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD

190.6 ± 237.7

At discharge CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD

56.7 ± 66.7

Initial PCT (ng/mL), mean ± SD)

8.4 ± 29.6

Maximum PCT (ng/mL), mean ± SD

9 ± 23

At discharge PCT (ng/mL), mean ± SD

1.3 ± 2.9

Initial CK (U/L)

2,987.2 ± 5,178.4

Maximum CK (U/L)

4,314.4 ± 6,029.1

Initial myoglobin (µg/L), mean ± SD

4,190.5 ± 7,257

Maximum myoglobin (µg/L), mean ± SD

4,609 ± 7,437.4

Urine pH, mean ± SD

5.7 ± 0.8

Morbidities (%)

Arterial hypertension

Diabetes mellitus

Coronary artery disease

Heart failure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Obesity

Smoking

History of neoplasia